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Health Risks Due to Metal Concentrations in Soil and Vegetables from the Six Municipalities of the Island Province in the Philippines

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  • Ronnel C. Nolos

    (Mapua-MSC Joint Research Laboratory, Marinduque State College, Boac 4900, Philippines
    Department of Environmental Science, College of Natural and Allied Health Sciences, Marinduque State College, Boac 4900, Philippines
    Resiliency and Sustainable Development Center, Yuchengco Innovation Center, Mapua University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines)

  • Christine Joy M. Agarin

    (Analytical Support Services for Environmental Technologies, Incorporated, Clark Freeport Zone, Angeles City 2009, Philippines)

  • Maria Ysabel R. Domino

    (Mapua-MSC Joint Research Laboratory, Marinduque State College, Boac 4900, Philippines
    Resiliency and Sustainable Development Center, Yuchengco Innovation Center, Mapua University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines)

  • Pauline B. Bonifacio

    (Mapua-MSC Joint Research Laboratory, Marinduque State College, Boac 4900, Philippines
    Resiliency and Sustainable Development Center, Yuchengco Innovation Center, Mapua University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines)

  • Eduardo B. Chan

    (Dyson College of Arts and Science, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA)

  • Doreen R. Mascareñas

    (School of Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Science, Marinduque State College, Torrijos 4903, Philippines)

  • Delia B. Senoro

    (Mapua-MSC Joint Research Laboratory, Marinduque State College, Boac 4900, Philippines
    Resiliency and Sustainable Development Center, Yuchengco Innovation Center, Mapua University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
    School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering, Mapua University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines)

Abstract

This paper investigated the health risks due to metal concentrations in soil and vegetables from the island province in the Philippines and the potential ecological risks. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in vegetables and soil in six municipalities of the province were analyzed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) Perkin Elmer Optima 8000. It was recorded that all metal concentrations in the soil, except for Cd, exceeded the soil quality standard (SQS). The concentration of Fe and Mn was highest among other metals. The Nemerow synthetical pollution index (P n ) in all soil samples was under Class V which means severe pollution level. Likewise, the risk index (RI) of soil ranged from high to very high pollution risk. Most of the metal concentrations in the vegetables analyzed also exceeded the maximum permissible limit (MPL). All health hazard indices (HHIs) were less than 1, which means potential low non-carcinogenic risk to human population by vegetable consumption. However, it was found that concentration of Cr and Ni in vegetables is a potential health hazard having concentrations exceeding the maximum threshold limit. A 75% temporary consumption reduction of bitter melon, eggplant, sweet potato tops, and string beans produced from two municipalities may be helpful in reducing exposure to target metals. Additional studies are needed to confirm this recommendation. Spatial correlation analysis showed that six out of target metals had datasets that were more spatially clustered than would be expected. The recorded data are useful for creation of research direction, and aid in developing strategies for remediation, tools, and programs for improving environmental and vegetable quality monitoring.

Suggested Citation

  • Ronnel C. Nolos & Christine Joy M. Agarin & Maria Ysabel R. Domino & Pauline B. Bonifacio & Eduardo B. Chan & Doreen R. Mascareñas & Delia B. Senoro, 2022. "Health Risks Due to Metal Concentrations in Soil and Vegetables from the Six Municipalities of the Island Province in the Philippines," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-26, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:3:p:1587-:d:738766
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Fanfu Zeng & Wei Wei & Mansha Li & Ruixue Huang & Fei Yang & Yanying Duan, 2015. "Heavy Metal Contamination in Rice-Producing Soils of Hunan Province, China and Potential Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-10, December.
    2. Caspah Kamunda & Manny Mathuthu & Morgan Madhuku, 2016. "Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils from Witwatersrand Gold Mining Basin, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-11, June.
    3. Hang Zhou & Wen-Tao Yang & Xin Zhou & Li Liu & Jiao-Feng Gu & Wen-Lei Wang & Jia-Ling Zou & Tao Tian & Pei-Qin Peng & Bo-Han Liao, 2016. "Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Vegetable Species Planted in Contaminated Soils and the Health Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-12, March.
    4. Zhen Wang & Jianguo Bao & Tong Wang & Haseeb Tufail Moryani & Wei Kang & Jin Zheng & Changlin Zhan & Wensheng Xiao, 2021. "Hazardous Heavy Metals Accumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Different Vegetable Species in Contaminated Soils from a Typical Mining City, Central China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-18, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Cris Edward F. Monjardin & Christopher Power & Delia B. Senoro, 2023. "Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Manganese Contamination in Relation to River Morphology: A Study of the Boac and Mogpog Rivers in Marinduque, Philippines," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-26, May.

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