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Metal (Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn) Transfer along Food Chain and Health Risk Assessment through Raw Milk Consumption from Free-Range Cows

Author

Listed:
  • Mirela Miclean

    (Somes-Tisa Water Basin Administration, Cluj-Napoca 400213, Romania)

  • Oana Cadar

    (INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, Cluj-Napoca 400293, Romania)

  • Erika Andrea Levei

    (INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, Cluj-Napoca 400293, Romania)

  • Radu Roman

    (Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca 400372, Romania)

  • Alexandru Ozunu

    (Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca 400294, Romania
    Disaster Management Training and Education Centre, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa)

  • Levente Levei

    (INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, Cluj-Napoca 400293, Romania
    Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca 400372, Romania)

Abstract

Background: Metal transfer along the food chain has raised concerns about impacts on human health due to dietary exposure to low but chronic concentrations. Soil–forage–milk–consumer is a short food chain through which metals are able to reach an organism. Methods: Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn were determined in water, soil, forage, and milk samples collected from free-range cattle farms situated near Baia Mare, Romania. The soil-to-forage ( TF sf ) and forage-to-milk ( TF fm ) transfer factors for metals and the health risk for three population groups (females, males, and children) through the consumption of milk containing low levels of metals were assessed. Results: TF sf indicated that the uptake capabilities of the metals from soil to forage were in the following order: Zn > Cd > Cu > Pb. TF fm indicated a lack of metal accumulation through forage ingestion. Estimated daily ( EDI ) and provisional tolerable weekly ( PTWI ) intake values revealed a minimal exposure of the population to those metals through milk consumption. A noncarcinogenic hazard index indicated that milk consumption from local markets does not pose any risk for human health; however, the average cancer risk showed a high potential carcinogenic risk. Conclusions: The consumption of milk produced by small local farmers does not pose noncarcinogenic risks. More extended studies should be carried out in order to identify the potential carcinogenic risk caused by the low levels of metals in the milk consumed.

Suggested Citation

  • Mirela Miclean & Oana Cadar & Erika Andrea Levei & Radu Roman & Alexandru Ozunu & Levente Levei, 2019. "Metal (Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn) Transfer along Food Chain and Health Risk Assessment through Raw Milk Consumption from Free-Range Cows," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-14, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:21:p:4064-:d:279307
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    4. Mirela Miclean & Erika Andrea Levei & Oana Cadar, 2024. "Organochlorine Pesticides in Dairy Cows’ Diet and the Carryover into Milk in NW Romania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-19, January.
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