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Heavy Metal Contamination in Oryza sativa L. at the Eastern Region of Malaysia and Its Risk Assessment

Author

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  • Nur Syahirah Zulkafflee

    (Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia)

  • Nurul Adillah Mohd Redzuan

    (Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia)

  • Sara Nematbakhsh

    (Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia)

  • Jinap Selamat

    (Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
    Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia)

  • Mohd Razi Ismail

    (Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia)

  • Sarva Mangala Praveena

    (Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
    Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia)

  • Soo Yee Lee

    (Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia)

  • Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis

    (Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
    Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
    Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia)

Abstract

Paddy plants tend to accumulate heavy metals from both natural and anthropogenic sources, and this poses adverse risks to human health. The objective of this study was to investigate heavy metal contamination in paddy plants in Kelantan, Malaysia, and its health risk assessment. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals was studied by means of enrichment (EF) and translocation factors (TF). The health risk assessment was performed based on USEPA guidelines. The EF for heavy metals in the studied areas was in the descending order of Cu > As > Cr > Cd > Pb. Meanwhile, Cr and Pb exhibited higher TF values from stem to grain compared with the others. The combined hazard index (HI) resulting from five heavy metals exceeded the acceptable limit (HI >1). The lifetime cancer risk, in both adult and children, was beyond the acceptable limit (10 −4 ) and mainly resulted from exposure. The total cancer risk (CRt) due to simultaneous exposures to multiple carcinogenic elements also exceeded 10 −4 . In conclusion, intake of heavy metal through rice ingestion is likely to cause both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks. Further research is required to investigate the extent of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils and, moreover, to establish human exposure as a result of rice consumption.

Suggested Citation

  • Nur Syahirah Zulkafflee & Nurul Adillah Mohd Redzuan & Sara Nematbakhsh & Jinap Selamat & Mohd Razi Ismail & Sarva Mangala Praveena & Soo Yee Lee & Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis, 2022. "Heavy Metal Contamination in Oryza sativa L. at the Eastern Region of Malaysia and Its Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-22, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:2:p:739-:d:721410
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Daping Song & Dafang Zhuang & Dong Jiang & Jingying Fu & Qiao Wang, 2015. "Integrated Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Suxian County, South China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-18, June.
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    3. Pishgar-Komleh, S.H. & Sefeedpari, P. & Rafiee, S., 2011. "Energy and economic analysis of rice production under different farm levels in Guilan province of Iran," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 5824-5831.
    4. Keli Zhao & Weijun Fu & Zhengqian Ye & Chaosheng Zhang, 2015. "Contamination and Spatial Variation of Heavy Metals in the Soil-Rice System in Nanxun County, Southeastern China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-18, January.
    5. Ayansina Segun Ayangbenro & Olubukola Oluranti Babalola, 2017. "A New Strategy for Heavy Metal Polluted Environments: A Review of Microbial Biosorbents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-16, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ionela Cătălina Vasilachi & Vasile Stoleru & Maria Gavrilescu, 2023. "Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-50, October.

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