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Influence of Previous Mental State on Psychological Outcomes of Spanish Out-of-Hospital Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic

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  • María Molina-Oliva

    (Emergency Medical Service of Castilla y León–Sacyl, 47007 Valladolid, Spain
    Red de Investigación de Emergencias Prehospitalarias (RINVEMER), Sociedad Española de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES), 28020 Madrid, Spain)

  • Rafael Martín-Sánchez

    (Emergency Medical Service of Castilla y León–Sacyl, 47007 Valladolid, Spain
    Red de Investigación de Emergencias Prehospitalarias (RINVEMER), Sociedad Española de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES), 28020 Madrid, Spain
    Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain)

  • Elena Pastor-Benito

    (Red de Investigación de Emergencias Prehospitalarias (RINVEMER), Sociedad Española de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES), 28020 Madrid, Spain
    Emergency Medical Service of Madrid–SUMMA 112, 28045 Madrid, Spain)

  • Raúl Soto-Cámara

    (Emergency Medical Service of Castilla y León–Sacyl, 47007 Valladolid, Spain
    Red de Investigación de Emergencias Prehospitalarias (RINVEMER), Sociedad Española de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES), 28020 Madrid, Spain
    Department of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain)

  • Rosa M. Cárdaba-García

    (Emergency Medical Service of Castilla y León–Sacyl, 47007 Valladolid, Spain
    Red de Investigación de Emergencias Prehospitalarias (RINVEMER), Sociedad Española de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES), 28020 Madrid, Spain
    Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain)

  • Israel John Thuissard

    (Red de Investigación de Emergencias Prehospitalarias (RINVEMER), Sociedad Española de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES), 28020 Madrid, Spain
    Department of Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain)

  • Juan José Fernández-Domínguez

    (Red de Investigación de Emergencias Prehospitalarias (RINVEMER), Sociedad Española de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES), 28020 Madrid, Spain
    Emergency Medical Service of Madrid–SUMMA 112, 28045 Madrid, Spain
    Department of Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
    Emergency Service, HLA Moncloa University Hospital, 28080 Madrid, Spain)

  • María Paz Matellán-Hernández

    (Emergency Medical Service of Castilla y León–Sacyl, 47007 Valladolid, Spain
    Red de Investigación de Emergencias Prehospitalarias (RINVEMER), Sociedad Española de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES), 28020 Madrid, Spain)

  • Susana Navalpotro-Pascual

    (Red de Investigación de Emergencias Prehospitalarias (RINVEMER), Sociedad Española de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES), 28020 Madrid, Spain
    Emergency Medical Service of Madrid–SUMMA 112, 28045 Madrid, Spain
    Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 2029 Madrid, Spain)

  • Almudena Morales-Sánchez

    (Emergency Medical Service of Castilla y León–Sacyl, 47007 Valladolid, Spain
    Red de Investigación de Emergencias Prehospitalarias (RINVEMER), Sociedad Española de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES), 28020 Madrid, Spain
    Membership of the IMPSYCOVID-19 Study Group is provided in the Acknowledgments.)

Abstract

This study aimed to describe factors relating to the psychological distress of healthcare workers (HCWs) in Spanish out-of-hospital emergency medical services (EMS), according to the previous or non-use of psychotropic drugs or psychotherapy. A multicentre, cross-sectional descriptive study was designed. The study population were all physicians, nurses, and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) working in any Spanish out-of-hospital EMS between February and April 2021. The main outcomes were the levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy, assessed by DASS-21 and G-SES. Differences in levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy, according to sex, age, previous use of psychotropic drug or psychotherapy, work experience, professional category, type of work, and modification of working conditions were measured using the Student’s t -test for independent samples, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, or 2-factor analysis of covariance. A total of 1636 HCWs were included, of whom one in three had severe mental disorders because of the pandemic. The interaction of the previous or non-use of psychotropic drugs or psychotherapy with the rest of the factors considered did not modify the levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy. However, HCWs with a history of psychotropic drug or psychotherapy use had a more intense negative emotional response and lower self-efficacy, regardless of their sex, professional category, type of work, or change in the working conditions. These HCWs are considered particularly vulnerable to the development or recurrence of new disorders or other comorbidities; therefore, the implementation of monitoring and follow-up strategies should be a priority.

Suggested Citation

  • María Molina-Oliva & Rafael Martín-Sánchez & Elena Pastor-Benito & Raúl Soto-Cámara & Rosa M. Cárdaba-García & Israel John Thuissard & Juan José Fernández-Domínguez & María Paz Matellán-Hernández & Su, 2023. "Influence of Previous Mental State on Psychological Outcomes of Spanish Out-of-Hospital Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-16, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:4:p:3574-:d:1071779
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Martin Sanchez-Gomez & Gabriele Giorgi & Georgia Libera Finstad & Flavio Urbini & Giulia Foti & Nicola Mucci & Salvatore Zaffina & José M. León-Perez, 2021. "COVID-19 Pandemic as a Traumatic Event and Its Associations with Fear and Mental Health: A Cognitive-Activation Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-14, July.
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    3. Norsham Juliana & Nor Amira Syahira Mohd Azmi & Nadia Effendy & Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng & Sahar Azmani & Nizam Baharom & Aza Sherin Mohamad Yusuff & Izuddin Fahmy Abu, 2022. "Exploring the Associated Factors of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Healthcare Shift Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-14, August.
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