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Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and the Sense of Gains and Losses during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An International Study

Author

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  • Ewa Małgorzata Szepietowska

    (Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-612 Lublin, Poland)

  • Ewa Zawadzka

    (Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-612 Lublin, Poland)

  • Sara Filipiak

    (Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-612 Lublin, Poland)

Abstract

This study was primarily designed to investigate the perception of changes in selected areas of life experienced by adults of various nationalities in connection to the long-lasting COVID-19 pandemic. The second objective was to identify the factors increasing the risk of perception of negative changes in life during the pandemic. The tools applied in the study include a self-report questionnaire designed to measure sociodemographic data and health status of the subjects, COVID-19 Sense of Life Changes Questionnaire, as well as the Impact of Event Scale: Revised. The study involved over 600 adult subjects. With increased intensity of intrusions, the likelihood of negative perception of the changes emerging as a result of the pandemic was reduced by approximately 7%, whereas a higher intensity of hyperarousal increased that risk. Individuals reporting a sense of negative changes presented a greater degree of hyperarousal compared to those reporting positive changes. In the group of subjects perceiving the changes in a positive way, increasing the intensity of intrusion and/or hyperarousal corresponded to a growing conviction about a negative nature of life changes concerning the relationship with their partner and affecting their work as well as regarding a positive meaning of the changes in relations with their parents and in daily life. Generally, there was a prevailing sense of negative changes; however, there was also a group of subjects that perceived these as positive. Intrusions and hyperarousal in certain individuals may play a role in motivating them to take action in protecting against effects of the pandemic and, in others, may lead to frustration and anxiety.

Suggested Citation

  • Ewa Małgorzata Szepietowska & Ewa Zawadzka & Sara Filipiak, 2022. "Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and the Sense of Gains and Losses during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An International Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-19, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:6:p:3504-:d:772252
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sebastian Bernat & Karolina Trykacz & Jakub Skibiński, 2022. "Landscape Perception and the Importance of Recreation Areas for Students during the Pandemic Time," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-22, August.
    2. Mateusz Grajek & Karolina Krupa-Kotara & Mateusz Rozmiarek & Karolina Sobczyk & Eliza Działach & Michał Górski & Joanna Kobza, 2022. "The Level of COVID-19 Anxiety among Oncology Patients in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-14, September.

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