IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v20y2023i3p2670-d1055050.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Role of Cognition and Social Factors in Competition: How Do People with Intellectual Disabilities Respond to Opponents?

Author

Listed:
  • Kandianos Emmanouil Sakalidis

    (Department of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK)

  • Stein Gerrit Paul Menting

    (Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands)

  • Florentina Johanna Hettinga

    (Department of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK)

Abstract

Exploring pacing behaviour in people with intellectual disabilities (ID) in competition will help to better understand the impact of cognition and social environment in sports, providing support for the shaping of proper inclusive sports environments. The present experimental study aimed to (1) compare the pacing behaviour and performance between people with and without ID who are inexperienced in cycling and (2) investigate how these are influenced by an opponent. Participants with ( n = 8) and without ID ( n = 10) performed two randomised 4-km maximal cycling trials, alone and against an opponent. Non-parametric tests for repeated measures data ( p ≤ 0.05) revealed that people with ID cycled slower, but with higher inter-individual variation (both conditions) and paced themselves differently compared to people without ID when competing against an opponent. In contrast to the previous literature in athletes without ID, the presence of a faster opponent resulted in a decrease in the performance in the participants with ID. The negative influence of the opponent highlights the potential difficulties people with ID experience to adequately use their opponents to enhance their self-regulatory processes and optimize their pacing and performance in maximal exercise trials. Coaches who want to offer inclusive sports environments for people with ID could take these findings into consideration.

Suggested Citation

  • Kandianos Emmanouil Sakalidis & Stein Gerrit Paul Menting & Florentina Johanna Hettinga, 2023. "The Role of Cognition and Social Factors in Competition: How Do People with Intellectual Disabilities Respond to Opponents?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-14, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:3:p:2670-:d:1055050
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/3/2670/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/3/2670/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Edgar Brunner & Madan Puri, 2001. "Nonparametric methods in factorial designs," Statistical Papers, Springer, vol. 42(1), pages 1-52, January.
    2. Kandianos Emmanouil Sakalidis & Stein Gerrit Paul Menting & Marije Titia Elferink-Gemser & Florentina Johanna Hettinga, 2022. "The Role of the Social Environment in Pacing and Sports Performance: A Narrative Review from a Self-Regulatory Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-11, December.
    3. Laura Misener & Simon Darcy, 2014. "Managing disability sport: From athletes with disabilities to inclusive organisational perspectives," Sport Management Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(1), pages 1-7, January.
    4. Montse C. Ruiz & Paul R. Appleton & Joan L. Duda & Laura Bortoli & Claudio Robazza, 2021. "Social Environmental Antecedents of Athletes’ Emotions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-13, May.
    5. Ulric S. Abonie & Florentina J. Hettinga, 2020. "Effect of a Tailored Activity Pacing Intervention on Fatigue and Physical Activity Behaviours in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-9, December.
    6. Konietschke, Frank & Placzek, Marius & Schaarschmidt, Frank & Hothorn, Ludwig A., 2015. "nparcomp: An R Software Package for Nonparametric Multiple Comparisons and Simultaneous Confidence Intervals," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 64(i09).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Rebecca Ramsden & Rick Hayman & Paul Potrac & Florentina Johanna Hettinga, 2023. "Sport Participation for People with Disabilities: Exploring the Potential of Reverse Integration and Inclusion through Wheelchair Basketball," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-11, January.
    2. Friedrich, Sarah & Pauly, Markus, 2018. "MATS: Inference for potentially singular and heteroscedastic MANOVA," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 166-179.
    3. Celia M. Gagliardi & Marc E. Normandin & Alexandra T. Keinath & Joshua B. Julian & Matthew R. Lopez & Manuel-Miguel Ramos-Alvarez & Russell A. Epstein & Isabel A. Muzzio, 2024. "Distinct neural mechanisms for heading retrieval and context recognition in the hippocampus during spatial reorientation," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-22, December.
    4. Stefano Bonnini & Getnet Melak Assegie & Kamila Trzcinska, 2024. "Review about the Permutation Approach in Hypothesis Testing," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-29, August.
    5. Simon Darcy & Janice Ollerton & Simone Grabowski, 2020. "“Why Can’t I Play?”: Transdisciplinary Learnings for Children with Disability’s Sport Participation," Social Inclusion, Cogitatio Press, vol. 8(3), pages 209-223.
    6. Fan, Chunpeng & Zhang, Donghui, 2014. "Wald-type rank tests: A GEE approach," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 1-16.
    7. Denis A. Shah & Laurence V. Madden, 2013. "A comment on Mendeş and Yiğit (2013), ‘Type I error and test power of different tests for testing interaction effects in factorial experiments’, Statistica Neerlandica, 67:1–26," Statistica Neerlandica, Netherlands Society for Statistics and Operations Research, vol. 67(4), pages 397-399, November.
    8. Kappelides, Pam & Spoor, Jennifer, 2019. "Managing sport volunteers with a disability: Human resource management implications," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 22(5), pages 694-707.
    9. Debajit Chatterjee & Uttam Bandyopadhyay, 2019. "Testing in nonparametric ANCOVA model based on ridit reliability functional," Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Springer;The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, vol. 71(2), pages 327-364, April.
    10. Edgar Brunner & Frank Konietschke & Arne C. Bathke & Markus Pauly, 2021. "Ranks and Pseudo‐ranks—Surprising Results of Certain Rank Tests in Unbalanced Designs," International Statistical Review, International Statistical Institute, vol. 89(2), pages 349-366, August.
    11. Sonja Hahn & Luigi Salmaso, 2017. "A comparison of different synchronized permutation approaches to testing effects in two-level two-factor unbalanced ANOVA designs," Statistical Papers, Springer, vol. 58(1), pages 123-146, March.
    12. Schulenkorf, Nico, 2017. "Managing sport-for-development: Reflections and outlook," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 243-251.
    13. Natalia Martínez-González & Francisco L. Atienza & Joan L. Duda & Isabel Balaguer, 2021. "The Role of Dispositional Orientations and Goal Motives on Athletes’ Well- and Ill-Being," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-12, December.
    14. M. Akritas & A. Stavropoulos & C. Caroni, 2009. "Asymptotic theory of weighted -statistics based on ranks," Journal of Nonparametric Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(2), pages 177-191.
    15. Kandianos Emmanouil Sakalidis & Stein Gerrit Paul Menting & Marije Titia Elferink-Gemser & Florentina Johanna Hettinga, 2022. "The Role of the Social Environment in Pacing and Sports Performance: A Narrative Review from a Self-Regulatory Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-11, December.
    16. Friedrich, Sarah & Konietschke, Frank & Pauly, Markus, 2017. "A wild bootstrap approach for nonparametric repeated measurements," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 38-52.
    17. Edgar Brunner & Frank Konietschke, 2025. "An unbiased rank-based estimator of the Mann–Whitney variance including the case of ties," Statistical Papers, Springer, vol. 66(1), pages 1-24, January.
    18. Jeanes, Ruth & Spaaij, Ramón & Magee, Jonathan & Farquharson, Karen & Gorman, Sean & Lusher, Dean, 2018. "‘Yes we are inclusive’: Examining provision for young people with disabilities in community sport clubs," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 38-50.
    19. Jae Hyun Kim & Shinyeong Park & Seung Ho Kim & Eun Ju Lee, 2021. "Long-Term Land Cover Changes in the Western Part of the Korean Demilitarized Zone," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-18, July.
    20. Juliette Richetin & Giulio Costantini & Marco Perugini & Felix Schönbrodt, 2015. "Should We Stop Looking for a Better Scoring Algorithm for Handling Implicit Association Test Data? Test of the Role of Errors, Extreme Latencies Treatment, Scoring Formula, and Practice Trials on Reli," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(6), pages 1-23, June.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:3:p:2670-:d:1055050. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.