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A Review of Patient Experiences and Provider Education to Improve Transgender Health Inequities in the USA

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  • Gabriel J. Tanenbaum

    (Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA)

  • LaTasha R. Holden

    (Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
    Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA)

Abstract

Transgender individuals are an underserved, vulnerable population. They face many inequities including barriers in both accessing and receiving adequate healthcare. These inequities are proposed here to be rooted in a lack of education about transgender people and their experiences. We begin by exploring the existing transgender healthcare research carried out in the USA, examining client experiences, provider education and attitudes, and the barriers transgender people face to obtaining proper healthcare. Secondly, we look at the previous research on educational interventions implemented with medical students and practitioners in the USA to enhance knowledge about transgender people, and increase sensitivity and awareness, while also increasing the level of comfort in working with these clients. The limitations in these fields of study are discussed in order to understand how to better serve transgender clients in the USA. We will do this through a narrative review to determine evidence-based best practices for educational intervention, uncovering gaps in the literature and highlighting where to focus in future work for researchers and practitioners.

Suggested Citation

  • Gabriel J. Tanenbaum & LaTasha R. Holden, 2023. "A Review of Patient Experiences and Provider Education to Improve Transgender Health Inequities in the USA," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(20), pages 1-16, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:20:p:6949-:d:1263829
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bradford, J. & Reisner, S.L. & Honnold, J.A. & Xavier, J., 2013. "Experiences of transgender-related discrimination and implications for health: Results from the Virginia transgender health initiative study," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 103(10), pages 1820-1829.
    2. Shanna K. Kattari & Jarrod Call & Brendon T. Holloway & Leonardo Kattari & Kristie L. Seelman, 2021. "Exploring the Experiences of Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults in Accessing a Trans Knowledgeable Primary Care Physician," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-14, December.
    3. Sanchez, N.F. & Sanchez, J.P. & Danoff, A., 2009. "Health care utilization, barriers to care, and hormone usage among male-to-female transgender persons in New York City," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 99(4), pages 713-719.
    4. Khalili, J. & Leung, L.B. & Diamant, A.L., 2015. "Finding the perfect doctor: Identifying lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender-competent physicians," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 105(6), pages 1114-1119.
    5. Christopher S. Carpenter & Samuel T. Eppink & Gilbert Gonzales, 2020. "Transgender Status, Gender Identity, and Socioeconomic Outcomes in the United States," ILR Review, Cornell University, ILR School, vol. 73(3), pages 573-599, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Mason, Kyle L. & Hood, Kristina B. & Perrin, Paul B. & Belgrave, Faye Z. & Allison, Kevin W. & Coston, B. Ethan, 2024. "Direct and vicarious exposure to healthcare discrimination and erasure among transgender and gender independent individuals: Testing the indirect effect of mistrust in healthcare on utilization behavi," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).

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