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Experiences of transgender-related discrimination and implications for health: Results from the Virginia transgender health initiative study

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  • Bradford, J.
  • Reisner, S.L.
  • Honnold, J.A.
  • Xavier, J.

Abstract

Objectives. We examined relationships between social determinants of health and experiences of transgender-related discrimination reported by transgender people in Virginia. Methods. In 2005 through 2006, 387 self-identified transgender people completed a statewide health needs assessment; 350 who completed eligibility questions were included in this examination of factors associated with experiences of discrimination in health care, employment, or housing. We fit multivariate logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations to adjust for survey modality (online vs paper). Results. Of participants, 41% (n = 143) reported experiences of transgenderrelated discrimination. Factors associatedwith transgender-related discrimination were geographic context, gender (female-to male spectrum vs male-to-female spectrum), low socioeconomic status, being a racial/ethnic minority, not having health insurance, gender transition indicators (younger age at first transgender awareness), health care needed but unable to be obtained (hormone therapy and mental health services), history of violence (sexual and physical), substance use health behaviors (tobacco and alcohol), and interpersonal factors (family support and community connectedness). Conclusions. Findings suggest that transgender Virginians experience widespread discrimination in health care, employment, and housing. Multilevel interventions are needed for transgender populations, including legal protections and training for health care providers.

Suggested Citation

  • Bradford, J. & Reisner, S.L. & Honnold, J.A. & Xavier, J., 2013. "Experiences of transgender-related discrimination and implications for health: Results from the Virginia transgender health initiative study," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 103(10), pages 1820-1829.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2012.300796_3
    DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300796
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    Cited by:

    1. Cristiano Scandurra & Agostino Carbone & Roberto Baiocco & Selene Mezzalira & Nelson Mauro Maldonato & Vincenzo Bochicchio, 2021. "Gender Identity Milestones, Minority Stress and Mental Health in Three Generational Cohorts of Italian Binary and Nonbinary Transgender People," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-14, August.
    2. Goldberg, Abbie E. & Tornello, Samantha & Farr, Rachel & Smith, JuliAnna Z. & Miranda, Liam, 2020. "Barriers to adoption and foster care and openness to child characteristics among transgender adults," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    3. Jesús Manuel García-Acosta & Rosa María San Juan-Valdivia & Alfredo David Fernández-Martínez & Nieves Doria Lorenzo-Rocha & Maria Elisa Castro-Peraza, 2019. "Trans* Pregnancy and Lactation: A Literature Review from a Nursing Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-12, December.
    4. Sophie Hennekam & Jean‐pierre Dumazert, 2023. "Intersectional (in)visibility of transgender individuals with an ethnic minority background throughout a gender transition: Four longitudinal case studies," Post-Print hal-04249878, HAL.
    5. White Hughto, Jaclyn M. & Reisner, Sari L. & Pachankis, John E., 2015. "Transgender stigma and health: A critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 222-231.
    6. Sugyanta Priyadarshini & Sukanta Chandra Swain, 2020. "Life of Transgender in Ethical Milieu: A Study of Selected Transgenders of Bhubaneswar, India," Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Richtmann Publishing Ltd, vol. 9, July.
    7. Cristiano Scandurra & Vincenzo Bochicchio & Anna Lisa Amodeo & Concetta Esposito & Paolo Valerio & Nelson Mauro Maldonato & Dario Bacchini & Roberto Vitelli, 2018. "Internalized Transphobia, Resilience, and Mental Health: Applying the Psychological Mediation Framework to Italian Transgender Individuals," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-19, March.
    8. Danya Lagos, 2018. "Looking at Population Health Beyond “Male” and “Female”: Implications of Transgender Identity and Gender Nonconformity for Population Health," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 55(6), pages 2097-2117, December.
    9. Gabriel J. Tanenbaum & LaTasha R. Holden, 2023. "A Review of Patient Experiences and Provider Education to Improve Transgender Health Inequities in the USA," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(20), pages 1-16, October.
    10. King, Wesley M. & Hughto, Jaclyn M.W. & Operario, Don, 2020. "Transgender stigma: A critical scoping review of definitions, domains, and measures used in empirical research," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
    11. M. Killian Kinney & Darren Cosgrove, 2022. "“Truly Listen to Us”: Recommendations for Health Professionals to Bolster Wellbeing of Nonbinary Individuals," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-22, July.
    12. Ryan Ruppert & Shanna K. Kattari & Steve Sussman, 2021. "Review: Prevalence of Addictions among Transgender and Gender Diverse Subgroups," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-16, August.
    13. Pimwarat Srikummoon & Yuphayong Thanutan & Natthaporn Manojai & Sukon Prasitwattanaseree & Nachale Boonyapisomparn & Unyamanee Kummaraka & Chanapat Pateekhum & Phisanu Chiawkhun & Chayut Owatsakul & B, 2022. "Discrimination against and Associated Stigma Experienced by Transgender Women with Intersectional Identities in Thailand," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-12, December.
    14. Sophie Hennekam & Jean‐Pierre Dumazert, 2023. "Intersectional (in)visibility of transgender individuals with an ethnic minority background throughout a gender transition: Four longitudinal case studies," Gender, Work and Organization, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(5), pages 1585-1610, September.
    15. Maeghan B. Ross & Hiba Jahouh & Margriet G. Mullender & Baudewijntje P. C. Kreukels & Tim C. van de Grift, 2023. "Voices from a Multidisciplinary Healthcare Center: Understanding Barriers in Gender-Affirming Care—A Qualitative Exploration," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(14), pages 1-20, July.
    16. Fau Rosati & Valentina Coletta & Jessica Pistella & Cristiano Scandurra & Fiorenzo Laghi & Roberto Baiocco, 2021. "Experiences of Life and Intersectionality of Transgender Refugees Living in Italy: A Qualitative Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-15, November.
    17. Ryan Combs & Monica Wendel & T. Gonzales, 2018. "Considering transgender and gender nonconforming people in health communication campaigns," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 4(1), pages 1-6, December.
    18. Cruz, Taylor M., 2014. "Assessing access to care for transgender and gender nonconforming people: A consideration of diversity in combating discrimination," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 65-73.
    19. Clark, Kirsty A. & White Hughto, Jaclyn M. & Pachankis, John E., 2017. "“What's the right thing to do?” Correctional healthcare providers' knowledge, attitudes and experiences caring for transgender inmates," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 80-89.
    20. Sav Zwickl & Alex Wong & Ingrid Bretherton & Max Rainier & Daria Chetcuti & Jeffrey D. Zajac & Ada S. Cheung, 2019. "Health Needs of Trans and Gender Diverse Adults in Australia: A Qualitative Analysis of a National Community Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-12, December.

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