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The Effectiveness of Health-Oriented Interventions and Health Promotion for Unemployed People—A Meta-Analysis

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  • Karsten Ingmar Paul

    (School of Business, Economics, and Society, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 90403 Nürnberg, Germany)

  • Alfons Hollederer

    (Department of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Kassel, 34127 Kassel, Germany)

Abstract

Background: Unemployment is known to have negative effects on mental and physical health. Yet, the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving the health of unemployed people is unclear. Methods: We conducted a random-effects meta-analysis of extant intervention studies with at least two measurement points and a control group. A literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO in December 2021 identified 34 eligible primary studies with 36 independent samples. Results: For mental health, the average meta-analytic effect sizes for the comparison of the intervention group and the control group were significant and of small size after the intervention, d = 0.22; 95% CI [0.08, 0.36], as well as at follow-up, d = 0.11; 95% CI [0.07, 0.16]. Effects on self-assessed physical health status were small and marginally significant ( p = 0.10) after the intervention: d = 0.09; 95% CI [−0.02, 0.20], and insignificant at follow-up. However, when job search training was not part of the intervention program (i.e., all available resources were used solely for health promotion), the average effect size for physical health was significant after the intervention, d = 0.17; 95% CI [0.07, 0.27]. Furthermore, the effects of physical activity promotion were significant and of small-to-medium size after the intervention, leading to increased levels of activity, d = 0.30; 95% CI [0.13, 0.47]. Conclusions: Population-based health promotion programs are recommended because even measures with small effect sizes can actually improve the health of a large group of unemployed people.

Suggested Citation

  • Karsten Ingmar Paul & Alfons Hollederer, 2023. "The Effectiveness of Health-Oriented Interventions and Health Promotion for Unemployed People—A Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(11), pages 1-19, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:11:p:6028-:d:1161765
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Nicolas Rüsch & Tobias Staiger & Tamara Waldmann & Marie Christine Dekoj & Thorsten Brosch & Lisa Gabriel & Andreas Bahemann & Nathalie Oexle & Thomas Klein & Luise Nehf & Thomas Becker, 2019. "Efficacy of a peer-led group program for unemployed people with mental health problems: Pilot randomized controlled trial," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 65(4), pages 333-337, June.
    2. Sue Duval & Richard Tweedie, 2000. "Trim and Fill: A Simple Funnel-Plot–Based Method of Testing and Adjusting for Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 56(2), pages 455-463, June.
    3. Trine Filges & Christoffer Scavenius Sonne‐Schmidt & Bjørn Christian Viinholt Nielsen, 2018. "Small class sizes for improving student achievement in primary and secondary schools: a systematic review," Campbell Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(1), pages 1-107.
    4. Laia Maynou & Helena M. Hernández-Pizarro & María Errea Rodríguez, 2021. "The Association of Physical (in)Activity with Mental Health. Differences between Elder and Younger Populations: A Systematic Literature Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-34, April.
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    1. Alfons Hollederer & Heiko J. Jahn, 2023. "Results from a Nationwide Evaluation Study of Labor Market-Integrative Health Promotion for the Unemployed: Impact of the JOBS Program Germany," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(19), pages 1-20, September.

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