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Health Risk of Heavy Metals Related to Consumption of Vegetables in Areas of Industrial Impact in the Republic of Kazakhstan—Case Study for Oskemen

Author

Listed:
  • Laura Boluspayeva

    (Department of Management and Engineering in the Field of Environmental Protection, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan)

  • Monika Jakubus

    (Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland)

  • Waldemar Spychalski

    (Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland)

  • Akhan Abzhalelov

    (Department of Management and Engineering in the Field of Environmental Protection, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan)

  • Yertas Bitmanov

    (Department of Management and Engineering in the Field of Environmental Protection, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan)

Abstract

Among various heavy metal sources the metallurgic industry is the most threatening because emitted metals presented are the chemical forms in which metals are found in soil are more bioavailable and thus very easily are introduced into the environment and spread in both soils and plants. In this study such a situation is presented and the potential negative effect of emitted metals on soil and vegetables is estimated. Therefore, the following indicators were used: bioconcentration factors calculated for the total amount of metals (BCF) as well as daily intake of metal (DIM) and health risk index (HRI). Analyzed soils and vegetables originated from allotment gardens located at different distances from local industrial plants. The greatest amounts of metals in investigated materials (soils and plants) were found for the industrial zone and the lowest for samples representing the suburban zone. Among the analyzed metals Zn showed the highest (223.94–2645.13 mg·kg −1 for soils and 9.14–49.28 mg·kg −1 for plants), and Cd the lowest levels (1.77–15.2 mg·kg −1 for soils and 0.05–0.46 mg·kg −1 for plants). Regardless of the metal, the lowest BCF values were calculated for plants from the industrial zone and the highest from the urban site. Generally, BCF values calculated for vegetables were low and comparable for carrots, tomatoes, and cabbage. BCF values obtained for beetroots were higher in comparison to other vegetables. Regardless of plants, DIM values for Cd and Pb were low and comparable. DIM values for Cu and Zn were higher, but simultaneously strongly differentiated depending on the analyzed vegetables. A similar tendency was found in the case of HRI. The highest values were recorded for Cu and Zn in tomatoes. Regardless of the individual metals, the calculated values for DIM and HRI indices increased in the following sequence: beetroot < cabbage < carrot < tomato. The Zn and Cu contents in the studied types of vegetables do not exceed the maximum permissible levels recommended by WHO/FAO. In contrast, Pb concentrations were higher than the imposed standards in all the analyzed vegetable samples. On the basis of obtained DIM and HRI indices, consumption of vegetables cultivated in industrial areas should be restricted due to health risks related to heavy metals contained in plants.

Suggested Citation

  • Laura Boluspayeva & Monika Jakubus & Waldemar Spychalski & Akhan Abzhalelov & Yertas Bitmanov, 2022. "Health Risk of Heavy Metals Related to Consumption of Vegetables in Areas of Industrial Impact in the Republic of Kazakhstan—Case Study for Oskemen," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-20, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2022:i:1:p:275-:d:1013724
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hang Zhou & Wen-Tao Yang & Xin Zhou & Li Liu & Jiao-Feng Gu & Wen-Lei Wang & Jia-Ling Zou & Tao Tian & Pei-Qin Peng & Bo-Han Liao, 2016. "Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Vegetable Species Planted in Contaminated Soils and the Health Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-12, March.
    2. Zheng Sun & Jiajun Chen, 2018. "Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) Pollution at a Rural Industrial Wasteland in an Abandoned Metallurgy Factory in North China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-16, January.
    3. Guanghui Guo & Degang Zhang & Yuntao Wang, 2019. "Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Intake via Vegetable Consumption around Pb/Zn Smelters in Southwest China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-17, September.
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