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Impact of Vanadium-Containing Stone Coal Smelting on Trace Metals in an Agricultural Soil–Vegetable System: Accumulation, Transfer, and Health Risks

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  • Zhichao Jiang

    (School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China)

  • Xiyuan Xiao

    (School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China)

  • Zhaohui Guo

    (School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China)

  • Yunxia Zhang

    (School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China)

  • Xiaoxiao Huang

    (School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China)

Abstract

Dietary exposure to trace metals (TMs) through vegetable consumption has been identified as a potential risk to human health. Fifty-one paired agricultural soil and leaf vegetable samples were collected around V-containing stone coal smelting sites in Hunan Province, China, to study the contamination and transfer characteristics of TMs (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, V, and Zn) in the soil–vegetable system. The health risk to local residents through vegetable ingestion was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations. The results showed that 96.2%, 23.1%, 53.8%, 30.8%, 96.2%, and 69.2% of the soil samples had Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, V, and Zn contents exceeding their related maximum allowable values, respectively. Cadmium and V were the primary pollutants based on the I geo values. Moreover, 46.9% and 48.4% of vegetable samples exceeded the maximum permissible levels for Cd and Pb, respectively. There was a negative correlation between the bioaccumulation factors for Cd and V of the vegetable and soil physicochemical properties, including pH, organic matter, and free Fe 2 O 3 content. Ingestion of garland chrysanthemum and pak choi posed high health risks, and Cd, V, and Pb were the primary contributors. These findings will help design strategies to minimize contamination and human exposure to soil–vegetable systems caused by V-containing stone coal smelting.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhichao Jiang & Xiyuan Xiao & Zhaohui Guo & Yunxia Zhang & Xiaoxiao Huang, 2023. "Impact of Vanadium-Containing Stone Coal Smelting on Trace Metals in an Agricultural Soil–Vegetable System: Accumulation, Transfer, and Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-16, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:3:p:2425-:d:1050855
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Guanghui Guo & Degang Zhang & Yuntao Wang, 2019. "Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Intake via Vegetable Consumption around Pb/Zn Smelters in Southwest China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-17, September.
    2. Jiejie Yang & Siqi Wang & Ziwen Guo & Yan Deng & Menglong Xu & Siyuan Zhang & Huaqun Yin & Yili Liang & Hongwei Liu & Bo Miao & Delong Meng & Xueduan Liu & Luhua Jiang, 2020. "Spatial Distribution of Toxic Metal(loid)s and Microbial Community Analysis in Soil Vertical Profile at an Abandoned Nonferrous Metal Smelting Site," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-17, September.
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