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Human Health Risk Assessment from Lead Exposure through Consumption of Raw Cow Milk from Free-Range Cattle Reared in the Vicinity of a Lead–Zinc Mine in Kabwe

Author

Listed:
  • Golden Zyambo

    (School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
    Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan)

  • John Yabe

    (School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
    School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, P.O. Box 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia)

  • Kaampwe Muzandu

    (School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia)

  • Ethel M’kandawire

    (School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia)

  • Kennedy Choongo

    (School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia)

  • Andrew Kataba

    (School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
    Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan)

  • Kenneth Chawinga

    (Central Province Veterinary Office, 53 Pauling Street, Kabwe P.O. Box 80285, Zambia)

  • Allan Liazambi

    (Central Province Veterinary Office, 53 Pauling Street, Kabwe P.O. Box 80285, Zambia)

  • Shouta M. M Nakayama

    (School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
    Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan)

  • Hokuto Nakata

    (Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan)

  • Mayumi Ishizuka

    (Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan)

Abstract

Lead (Pb) contamination in the environment affects both humans and animals. Chronic exposure to Pb via dietary intake of animal products such as milk from contaminated areas poses a health risk to consumers; therefore, the present study investigated Pb contamination in cow milk and its health risk impact on humans through consumption of milk from cattle reared in the proximity of a Pb–Zn mine in Kabwe, Zambia. Fresh milk samples were collected from cows from Kang’omba (KN), Kafulamse (KF), Mpima (MP), Mukobeko (MK), and Munga (MN) farming areas. Pb determination was performed using Graphite Flame Absorption Atomic Spectrophotometry (GFAAS). Cow milk Pb levels showed different concentration patterns according to season, distance, and location of the farms from the Pb–Zn mine. The overall mean Pb levels were ranged 0.60–2.22 µg/kg and 0.50–4.24 µg/kg in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The mean Pb concentration, chronic daily intake (CDIs), target hazard quotients (THQs), and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) results obtained were all within the permissible limits of 20 µg/kg, 3 and 12.5 µg/kg-BW/day, <1 and 10 −4 to10 −6 , respectively. In conclusion, although Pb was detected in milk from cows reared in Kabwe, the health risk effects of Pb exposure associated with the consumption of milk in both adults and children were negligible.

Suggested Citation

  • Golden Zyambo & John Yabe & Kaampwe Muzandu & Ethel M’kandawire & Kennedy Choongo & Andrew Kataba & Kenneth Chawinga & Allan Liazambi & Shouta M. M Nakayama & Hokuto Nakata & Mayumi Ishizuka, 2022. "Human Health Risk Assessment from Lead Exposure through Consumption of Raw Cow Milk from Free-Range Cattle Reared in the Vicinity of a Lead–Zinc Mine in Kabwe," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-16, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:8:p:4757-:d:793896
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Andrew Kataba & Shouta M. M. Nakayama & Hokuto Nakata & Haruya Toyomaki & Yared B. Yohannes & John Yabe & Kaampwe Muzandu & Golden Zyambo & Ayano Kubota & Takehisa Matsukawa & Kazuhito Yokoyama & Yosh, 2021. "An Investigation of the Wild Rat Crown Incisor as an Indicator of Lead (Pb) Exposure Using Inductively Couple Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Laser Ablation ICP-MS," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-15, January.
    2. Yaya Liang & Xiaoyun Yi & Zhi Dang & Qin Wang & Houmei Luo & Jie Tang, 2017. "Heavy Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment in the Vicinity of a Tailing Pond in Guangdong, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-17, December.
    3. Mirela Miclean & Oana Cadar & Erika Andrea Levei & Radu Roman & Alexandru Ozunu & Levente Levei, 2019. "Metal (Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn) Transfer along Food Chain and Health Risk Assessment through Raw Milk Consumption from Free-Range Cows," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-14, October.
    4. Man Wang & Boheng Liang & Weiwei Zhang & Kuncai Chen & Yuhua Zhang & Hongwei Zhou & Yanfang Cheng & Huachun Liu & Xianwu Zhong & Yingyue Li & Yufei Liu, 2019. "Dietary Lead Exposure and Associated Health Risks in Guangzhou, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-16, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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