IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i21p14261-d959719.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in Hypoxia Improves Maximal Aerobic Capacity More Than HIIT in Normoxia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression

Author

Listed:
  • Ailsa Westmacott

    (Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK)

  • Nilihan E. M. Sanal-Hayes

    (Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK)

  • Marie McLaughlin

    (Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK)

  • Jacqueline L. Mair

    (Future Health Technologies, Singapore-ETH Centre, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, Singapore 138602, Singapore)

  • Lawrence D. Hayes

    (Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK)

Abstract

The present study aimed to determine the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) in hypoxia on maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) compared with HIIT in normoxia with a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)-accordant meta-analysis and meta-regression. Studies which measured VO 2max following a minimum of 2 weeks intervention featuring HIIT in hypoxia versus HIIT in normoxia were included. From 119 originally identified titles, nine studies were included ( n = 194 participants). Meta-analysis was conducted on change in (∆) VO 2max using standardised mean difference (SMD) and a random effects model. Meta-regression examined the relationship between the extent of environmental hypoxia (fractional inspired oxygen [FiO 2 ]) and ∆VO 2max and intervention duration and ∆VO 2max . The overall SMD for ∆VO 2max following HIIT in hypoxia was 1.14 (95% CI = 0.56–1.72; p < 0.001). Meta-regressions identified no significant relationship between FiO 2 (coefficient estimate = 0.074, p = 0.852) or intervention duration (coefficient estimate = 0.071, p = 0.423) and ∆VO 2max . In conclusion, HIIT in hypoxia improved VO 2max compared to HIIT in normoxia. Neither extent of hypoxia, nor training duration modified this effect, however the range in FiO 2 was small, which limits interpretation of this meta-regression. Moreover, training duration is not the only training variable known to influence ∆VO 2max , and does not appropriately capture total training stress or load. This meta-analysis provides pooled evidence that HIIT in hypoxia may be more efficacious at improving VO 2max than HIIT in normoxia. The application of these data suggest adding a hypoxic stimuli to a period of HIIT may be more effective at improving VO 2max than HIIT alone. Therefore, coaches and athletes with access to altitude (either natural or simulated) should consider implementing HIIT in hypoxia, rather than HIIT in normoxia where possible, assuming no negative side effects.

Suggested Citation

  • Ailsa Westmacott & Nilihan E. M. Sanal-Hayes & Marie McLaughlin & Jacqueline L. Mair & Lawrence D. Hayes, 2022. "High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in Hypoxia Improves Maximal Aerobic Capacity More Than HIIT in Normoxia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-15, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:21:p:14261-:d:959719
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/21/14261/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/21/14261/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sue Duval & Richard Tweedie, 2000. "Trim and Fill: A Simple Funnel-Plot–Based Method of Testing and Adjusting for Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 56(2), pages 455-463, June.
    2. Won-Sang Jung & Sung-Woo Kim & Hun-Young Park, 2020. "Interval Hypoxic Training Enhances Athletic Performance and Does Not Adversely Affect Immune Function in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-15, March.
    3. Benedikt Treml & Hannes Gatterer & Johannes Burtscher & Axel Kleinsasser & Martin Burtscher, 2020. "A Focused Review on the Maximal Exercise Responses in Hypo- and Normobaric Hypoxia: Divergent Oxygen Uptake and Ventilation Responses," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-12, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Nasser Abouzeid & Mahmoud ELnaggar & Haytham FathAllah & Mostafa Amira, 2023. "Eight Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training Using Elevation Mask May Improve Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Pulmonary Functions, and Hematological Variables in University Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-10, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ioana A Cristea & Claudio Gentili & Pietro Pietrini & Pim Cuijpers, 2017. "Is investigator background related to outcome in head to head trials of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for adult depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(2), pages 1-18, February.
    2. Qian Li & Yan Chen & Shikun Sun & Muyuan Zhu & Jing Xue & Zihan Gao & Jinfeng Zhao & Yihe Tang, 2022. "Research on Crop Irrigation Schedules Under Deficit Irrigation—A Meta-analysis," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 36(12), pages 4799-4817, September.
    3. Bart Verkuil & Serpil Atasayi & Marc L Molendijk, 2015. "Workplace Bullying and Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis on Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(8), pages 1-16, August.
    4. Damiano Pizzol & Mike Trott & Igor Grabovac & Mario Antunes & Anna Claudia Colangelo & Simona Ippoliti & Cristian Petre Ilie & Anne Carrie & Nicola Veronese & Lee Smith, 2021. "Laparoscopy in Low-Income Countries: 10-Year Experience and Systematic Literature Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-11, May.
    5. Ünal, Zehra E. & Kartal, Gamze & Ulusoy, Serra & Ala, Aslı M. & Yilmaz, Munube & Geary, David C., 2023. "Relative contributions of g and basic domain-specific mathematics skills to complex mathematics competencies," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
    6. Viktoria Maria Baumeister & Leonie Petra Kuen & Maike Bruckes & Gerhard Schewe, 2021. "The Relationship of Work-Related ICT Use With Well-being, Incorporating the Role of Resources and Demands: A Meta-Analysis," SAGE Open, , vol. 11(4), pages 21582440211, November.
    7. Gundula Krack, 2019. "How to make value-based health insurance designs more effective? A systematic review and meta-analysis," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 20(6), pages 841-856, August.
    8. Chuang Yuan & Jing Wang & Michael Ying, 2016. "Predictive Value of Carotid Distensibility Coefficient for Cardiovascular Diseases and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(4), pages 1-15, April.
    9. Francisco Javier Blanco-Encomienda & Rocío García-Cantero & María José Latorre-Medina, 2020. "Association between Work-Related Rumination, Work Environment and Employee Well-Being: A Meta-Analytic Study of Main and Moderator Effects," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 150(3), pages 887-910, August.
    10. Pedro L. Cosio & Manuel Crespo-Posadas & Álvaro Velarde-Sotres & Mireia Pelaez, 2021. "Effect of Chronic Resistance Training on Circulating Irisin: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-16, March.
    11. Augusteijn, Hilde Elisabeth Maria & van Aert, Robbie Cornelis Maria & van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., 2021. "Posterior Probabilities of Effect Sizes and Heterogeneity in Meta-Analysis: An Intuitive Approach of Dealing with Publication Bias," OSF Preprints avkgj, Center for Open Science.
    12. Georgiou, George K. & Guo, Kan & Naveenkumar, Nithya & Vieira, Ana Paula Alves & Das, J.P., 2020. "PASS theory of intelligence and academic achievement: A meta-analytic review," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    13. Liliana R Demenescu & Rudie Kortekaas & Johan A den Boer & André Aleman, 2010. "Impaired Attribution of Emotion to Facial Expressions in Anxiety and Major Depression," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 5(12), pages 1-5, December.
    14. Lohwasser, Todor S., 2020. "Meta-analyzing the relative performance of venture capital-backed firms," Discussion Papers of the Institute for Organisational Economics 4/2020, University of Münster, Institute for Organisational Economics.
    15. Nelson, Jon Paul, 2020. "Fixed-effect versus random-effects meta-analysis in economics: A study of pass-through rates for alcohol beverage excise taxes," Economics Discussion Papers 2020-1, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    16. Michael Wolfowicz & Yael Litmanovitz & David Weisburd & Badi Hasisi, 2021. "Cognitive and behavioral radicalization: A systematic review of the putative risk and protective factors," Campbell Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 17(3), September.
    17. Ruxiu Tie & Tiansong Zhang & Huarui Fu & Limengmeng Wang & Yebo Wang & Ying He & Binsheng Wang & Ni Zhu & Shan Fu & Xiaoyu Lai & Jimin Shi & He Huang, 2014. "Association between DNMT3A Mutations and Prognosis of Adults with De Novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(6), pages 1-11, June.
    18. Lianjie Liu & Zhuo Shao & Hang Yu & Wei Zhang & Hao Wang & Zubing Mei, 2020. "Is the platelet to lymphocyte ratio a promising biomarker to distinguish acute appendicitis? Evidence from a systematic review with meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(5), pages 1-15, May.
    19. Maurizio Canavari & Andreas C. Drichoutis & Jayson L. Lusk & Rodolfo M. Nayga, Jr., 2018. "How to run an experimental auction: A review of recent advances," Working Papers 2018-5, Agricultural University of Athens, Department Of Agricultural Economics.
    20. Nian-Feng Wan & Liwan Fu & Matteo Dainese & Yue-Qing Hu & Lars Pødenphant Kiær & Forest Isbell & Christoph Scherber, 2022. "Plant genetic diversity affects multiple trophic levels and trophic interactions," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:21:p:14261-:d:959719. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.