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The North Italian Longitudinal Study Assessing the Mental Health Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Health Care Workers—Part II: Structural Validity of Scales Assessing Mental Health

Author

Listed:
  • Emanuele Maria Giusti

    (Psychology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, 20149 Milan, Italy
    Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20123 Milan, Italy)

  • Giovanni Veronesi

    (EPIMED Research Center, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy)

  • Camilla Callegari

    (Division of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy)

  • Gianluca Castelnuovo

    (Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20123 Milan, Italy
    Psychology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, 28824 Verbania, Italy)

  • Licia Iacoviello

    (EPIMED Research Center, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
    Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy)

  • Marco Mario Ferrario

    (EPIMED Research Center, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy)

Abstract

It is unclear if the factor structure of the questionnaires that were employed by studies addressing the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of Healthcare Workers (HCW) did not change due to the pandemic. The aim of this study is to assess the factor structure and longitudinal measurement invariance of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the factor structure of the General Health Questionnare-12 (GHQ-12), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5-Short Form (PCL-5-SF), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 (CD-RISC-10) and Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form (PTGI-SF). Out of n = 805 HCWs from a University hospital who responded to a pre-COVID-19 survey, n = 431 were re-assessed after the COVID-19 outbreak. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on the MBI showed adequate fit and good internal consistency only after removal of items 2, 6, 12 and 16. The assumptions of configural and metric longitudinal invariance were met, whereas scalar longitudinal invariance did not hold. CFAs and exploratory bifactor analyses performed using data from the second wave confirmed that the GHQ-12, the PCL-5-SF, the PTGI-SF and the CD-RISC-10 were unidimensional. In conclusion, we found support for a refined version of the MBI. The comparison of mean MBI values in HCWs before and after the pandemic should be interpreted with caution.

Suggested Citation

  • Emanuele Maria Giusti & Giovanni Veronesi & Camilla Callegari & Gianluca Castelnuovo & Licia Iacoviello & Marco Mario Ferrario, 2022. "The North Italian Longitudinal Study Assessing the Mental Health Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Health Care Workers—Part II: Structural Validity of Scales Assessing Mental Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-16, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:15:p:9541-:d:879658
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Barbara Loera & Daniela Converso & Sara Viotti, 2014. "Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) among Italian Nurses: How Many Factors Must a Researcher Consider?," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(12), pages 1-18, December.
    2. John Schmid & John Leiman, 1957. "The development of hierarchical factor solutions," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 22(1), pages 53-61, March.
    3. Marialaura Di Tella & Annunziata Romeo & Georgia Zara & Lorys Castelli & Michele Settanni, 2022. "The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5: Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-12, April.
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    1. Giovanni Veronesi & Emanuele Maria Giusti & Alessia D’Amato & Francesco Gianfagna & Rossana Borchini & Gianluca Castelnuovo & Licia Iacoviello & Marco Mario Ferrario, 2022. "The North Italian Longitudinal Study Assessing the Mental Health Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Health Care Workers—Part I: Study Design and Psychometric Structural Validity of the HSE Indicator To," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-12, August.

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