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Aerobic Continuous and Interval Training under Hypoxia Enhances Endurance Exercise Performance with Hemodynamic and Autonomic Nervous System Function in Amateur Male Swimmers

Author

Listed:
  • Sung-Woo Kim

    (Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea)

  • Won-Sang Jung

    (Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea)

  • Jeong-Weon Kim

    (Graduate School of Professional Therapy, Gachon University, 1332 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13306, Korea)

  • Sang-Seok Nam

    (Taekwondo Research Institute of Kukkiwon, 32 Teheran7gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06130, Korea)

  • Hun-Young Park

    (Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
    Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea)

Abstract

Hypoxic training is often performed by competitive swimmers to enhance their performance in normoxia. However, the beneficial effects of aerobic continuous and interval training under hypoxia on hemodynamic function, autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, and endurance exercise performance remain controversial. Here we investigated whether six weeks of aerobic continuous and interval training under hypoxia can improve hematological parameters, hemodynamic function, ANS function, and endurance exercise performance versus normoxia in amateur male swimmers. Twenty amateur male swimmers were equally assigned to the hypoxic training group or normoxic training group and evaluated before and after six weeks of training. Aerobic continuous and interval training in the hypoxia showed a more significantly improved hemodynamic function (heart rate, −653.4 vs. −353.7 beats/30 min; oxygen uptake, −62.45 vs. −16.22 mL/kg/30 min; stroke volume index, 197.66 vs. 52.32 mL/30 min) during submaximal exercise, ANS function (root mean square of successive differences, 10.15 vs. 3.32 ms; total power, 0.72 vs. 0.20 ms 2 ; low-frequency/high-frequency ratio, −0.173 vs. 0.054), and endurance exercise performance (maximal oxygen uptake, 5.57 vs. 2.26 mL/kg/min; 400-m time trial record, −20.41 vs. −7.91 s) than in the normoxia. These indicate that hypoxic training composed of aerobic continuous and interval exercise improves the endurance exercise performance of amateur male swimmers with better hemodynamic function and ANS function.

Suggested Citation

  • Sung-Woo Kim & Won-Sang Jung & Jeong-Weon Kim & Sang-Seok Nam & Hun-Young Park, 2021. "Aerobic Continuous and Interval Training under Hypoxia Enhances Endurance Exercise Performance with Hemodynamic and Autonomic Nervous System Function in Amateur Male Swimmers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-13, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:8:p:3944-:d:532834
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Won-Sang Jung & Sung-Woo Kim & Hun-Young Park, 2020. "Interval Hypoxic Training Enhances Athletic Performance and Does Not Adversely Affect Immune Function in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-15, March.
    2. Abdullah Alansare & Ken Alford & Sukho Lee & Tommie Church & Hyun Chul Jung, 2018. "The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training vs. Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Heart Rate Variability in Physically Inactive Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-10, July.
    3. Hun-Young Park & Won-Sang Jung & Jisu Kim & Hyejung Hwang & Sung-Woo Kim & Younghwan An & Haeman Lee & Seonju Jeon & Kiwon Lim, 2020. "Effects of 2-Week Exercise Training in Hypobaric Hypoxic Conditions on Exercise Performance and Immune Function in Korean National Cycling Athletes with Disabilities: A Case Report," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-14, January.
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