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Home-Advantage during COVID-19: An Analysis in Portuguese Football League

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  • Rui Matos

    (Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), IPSantarém/IPLeiria, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
    ESECS—Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal)

  • Diogo Monteiro

    (ESECS—Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
    Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal)

  • Raul Antunes

    (Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), IPSantarém/IPLeiria, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
    ESECS—Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
    Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal)

  • Diogo Mendes

    (Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), IPSantarém/IPLeiria, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
    ESECS—Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal)

  • João Botas

    (ESECS—Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal)

  • João Clemente

    (ESECS—Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal)

  • Nuno Amaro

    (Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), IPSantarém/IPLeiria, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
    ESECS—Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal)

Abstract

Covid-19 pandemic forced, at the final rounds of 2019–2020 season, in many different sport leagues worldwide, teams to play without an audience. Therefore, the present paper aims to compare the home advantage score in the last ten rounds in 2019–2020 season with the first 24 rounds in same season using Pollard’s (1986) and Matos et al.’s (2020) methods. In addition, comparisons across different seasons (2016–2017; 2017–2018; 2018–2019 and 2019–2020) using the same methods were also analyzed. Results showed no differences ( p > 0.05) between first 24 rounds and the last 10 in 2019–2020 season as well as in the 3 previous seasons. With Pollard’s method, no differences ( p > 0.05) were also found among those four seasons on global (all 34 rounds) home advantage. However, a significance difference between 2017–2018 and 2019–2020 ( p < 0.05) was founded using Matos et al.’s (2020) method, which is an indicator of the importance of using complementary methods when analyzing the same realities. Overall, despite what might be expectable from recent findings, the lack of an audience in the last 10 rounds of Portuguese Football League 2019–2020 season, due to COVID-19 pandemic, did not affect home advantage. Therefore, future studies could try to analyze other different variables in Portuguese Football League, such as referees’ behaviors, rules changing (e.g., the possibility of making five substitutions, instead of three), crowd dimension and density as well as include variables about odds as forecasts in football being played without crowds.

Suggested Citation

  • Rui Matos & Diogo Monteiro & Raul Antunes & Diogo Mendes & João Botas & João Clemente & Nuno Amaro, 2021. "Home-Advantage during COVID-19: An Analysis in Portuguese Football League," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-8, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:7:p:3761-:d:530039
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tadgh Hegarty, 2021. "Information and price efficiency in the absence of home crowd advantage," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(21), pages 1902-1907, December.
    2. Richard Pollard & Jaime Prieto & Miguel-Ángel Gómez, 2017. "Global differences in home advantage by country, sport and sex," International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(4), pages 586-599, July.
    3. Michela Ponzo & Vincenzo Scoppa, 2018. "Does the Home Advantage Depend on Crowd Support? Evidence From Same-Stadium Derbies," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 19(4), pages 562-582, May.
    4. Thomas Peeters & Jan C. Ours, 2021. "Seasonal Home Advantage in English Professional Football; 1974–2018," De Economist, Springer, vol. 169(1), pages 107-126, February.
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    2. Sergio Destefanis & Francesco Addesa & Giambattista Rossi, 2022. "The impact of COVID-19 on home advantage: a conditional order-m analysis of football clubs’ efficiency in the top-5 European leagues," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(58), pages 6639-6655, December.
    3. Michael Christian Leitner & Frank Daumann & Florian Follert & Fabio Richlan, 2023. "The cauldron has cooled down: a systematic literature review on home advantage in football during the COVID-19 pandemic from a socio-economic and psychological perspective," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 73(2), pages 605-633, June.

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