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Different Responses to Stress, Health Practices, and Self-Care during COVID-19 Lockdown: A Stratified Analysis

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  • Elena Bermejo-Martins

    (School of Nursing, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
    Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31009 Pamplona, Spain)

  • Elkin O. Luis

    (Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
    Psychological Processes in Education and Health Group, School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
    Cognitive and Affective Methods in Psychology CAMP, School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain)

  • Ainize Sarrionandia

    (Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain)

  • Martín Martínez

    (Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
    Psychological Processes in Education and Health Group, School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain)

  • María Sol Garcés

    (Colegio de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Neurociencias, Quito 170901, Ecuador)

  • Edwin Y. Oliveros

    (Faculty of Psychology, University of San Buenaventura, Bogota 1008, Colombia)

  • Cristian Cortés-Rivera

    (Faculty of Psychology, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7590943, Chile)

  • Maider Belintxon

    (School of Nursing, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
    Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31009 Pamplona, Spain)

  • Pablo Fernández-Berrocal

    (Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain)

Abstract

The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to analyze the differential impact of the first COVID-19 lockdown (3 April 2020) on stress, health practices, and self-care activities across different Hispanic countries, age range, and gender groups. One thousand and eighty-two participants from Spain, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador took part in this study. Irrespective of the country, and controlling for income level, young people, especially females, suffered a greater level of stress, perceived the situation as more severe, showed less adherence to health guidelines, and reported lower levels of health consciousness, in comparison to their male peers and older groups. However, in the case of self-care, it seems that older and female groups are generally more involved in self-care activities and adopt more healthy daily routines. These results are mostly similar between Colombia, Ecuador, and Spain. However, Chile showed some different tendencies, as males reported higher levels of healthy daily routines and better adherence to health guidelines compared to females and people over the age of 60. Differences between countries, genders, and age ranges should be considered in order to improve health recommendations and adherence to guidelines. Moreover, developing community action and intersectoral strategies with a gender-based approach could help to reduce health inequalities and increase the success of people’s adherence to health guidelines and self-care-promoting interventions. Future studies should be addressed to explore the possible causations of such differences in more cultural-distant samples and at later stages of the current outbreak.

Suggested Citation

  • Elena Bermejo-Martins & Elkin O. Luis & Ainize Sarrionandia & Martín Martínez & María Sol Garcés & Edwin Y. Oliveros & Cristian Cortés-Rivera & Maider Belintxon & Pablo Fernández-Berrocal, 2021. "Different Responses to Stress, Health Practices, and Self-Care during COVID-19 Lockdown: A Stratified Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-17, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:5:p:2253-:d:505299
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mahalik, James R. & Burns, Shaun M. & Syzdek, Matthew, 2007. "Masculinity and perceived normative health behaviors as predictors of men's health behaviors," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 64(11), pages 2201-2209, June.
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    1. Ryuichi Ohta & Akiko Yata & Yuki Arakawa & Koichi Maiguma & Chiaki Sano, 2021. "Rural Social Participation through Osekkai during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-9, May.
    2. Ricardo Muñoz-Cancino & Sebastian A. Rios & Marcel Goic & Manuel Graña, 2021. "Non-Intrusive Assessment of COVID-19 Lockdown Follow-Up and Impact Using Credit Card Information: Case Study in Chile," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-16, May.
    3. Carmen Salas Quijada & Natalia López-Contreras & Tomás López-Jiménez & Laura Medina-Perucha & Brenda Biaani León-Gómez & Andrés Peralta & Karen M. Arteaga-Contreras & Anna Berenguera & Alessandra Quei, 2023. "Social Inequalities in Mental Health and Self-Perceived Health in the First Wave of COVID-19 Lockdown in Latin America and Spain: Results of an Online Observational Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(9), pages 1-23, May.

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