IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v20y2023i9p5722-d1139296.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Social Inequalities in Mental Health and Self-Perceived Health in the First Wave of COVID-19 Lockdown in Latin America and Spain: Results of an Online Observational Study

Author

Listed:
  • Carmen Salas Quijada

    (Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Natalia López-Contreras

    (Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Tomás López-Jiménez

    (Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
    Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Spain)

  • Laura Medina-Perucha

    (Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
    Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Spain)

  • Brenda Biaani León-Gómez

    (Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08303 Mataró, Spain)

  • Andrés Peralta

    (Public Health Institute, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE), Quito 170525, Ecuador)

  • Karen M. Arteaga-Contreras

    (Servicios de Atención Psiquiátrica, Anillo Periférico #2767, Ed.5 P.B., Alcaldía La Magdalena Contreras, Cuidad de México 10200, Mexico)

  • Anna Berenguera

    (Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
    Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Spain
    Departament d’Infermeria, Universitat de Girona, Emili Grahit, 77, 17003 Girona, Spain)

  • Alessandra Queiroga Gonçalves

    (Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Spain
    Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Terres de l’Ebre, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 43500 Tortosa, Spain
    Unitat Docent de Medicina de Família i Comunitària Tortosa-Terres de L’Ebre, Institut Català de la Salut, 43500 Tortosa, Spain)

  • Olivia Janett Horna-Campos

    (Escuela de Salud Pública “Salvador Allende”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile)

  • Marinella Mazzei

    (Escuela de Salud Pública “Salvador Allende”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile)

  • Maria Sol Anigstein

    (Escuela de Salud Pública “Salvador Allende”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
    Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 6850331, Chile)

  • Jakeline Ribeiro Barbosa

    (Center for Epidemiology and Health Surveillance, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brasília 70904-130, Brazil)

  • Olga Bardales-Mendoza

    (Facultad de Educación, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru)

  • Joan Benach

    (Research Group on Health Inequalities, Environment, and Employment Conditions (GREDS-EMCONET), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
    Johns Hopkins University-Universitat Pompeu Fabra Public Policy Center (UPF-BSM), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
    Ecological Humanities Research Group (GHECO), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain)

  • Daiane Borges Machado

    (Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador 41745-715, Brazil
    Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA)

  • Ana Lucía Torres Castillo

    (Public Health Institute, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE), Quito 170525, Ecuador)

  • Constanza Jacques-Aviñó

    (Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
    Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Spain)

Abstract

COVID-19 lockdowns greatly affected the mental health of populations and collectives. This study compares the mental health and self-perceived health in five countries of Latin America and Spain, during the first wave of COVID 19 lockdown, according to social axes of inequality. This was a cross-sectional study using an online, self-managed survey in Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Spain. Self-perceived health (SPH), anxiety (measured through GAD-7) and depression (measured through PHQ-9) were measured along with lockdown, COVID-19, and social variables. The prevalence of poor SPH, anxiety, and depression was calculated. The analyses were stratified by gender (men = M; women = W) and country. The data from 39,006 people were analyzed (W = 71.9%). There was a higher prevalence of poor SPH and bad mental health in women in all countries studied. Peru had the worst SPH results, while Chile and Ecuador had the worst mental health indicators. Spain had the lowest prevalence of poor SPH and mental health. The prevalence of anxiety and depression decreased as age increased. Unemployment, poor working conditions, inadequate housing, and the highest unpaid workload were associated with worse mental health and poor SPH, especially in women. In future policies, worldwide public measures should consider the great social inequalities in health present between and within countries in order to tackle health emergencies while reducing the health breach between populations.

Suggested Citation

  • Carmen Salas Quijada & Natalia López-Contreras & Tomás López-Jiménez & Laura Medina-Perucha & Brenda Biaani León-Gómez & Andrés Peralta & Karen M. Arteaga-Contreras & Anna Berenguera & Alessandra Quei, 2023. "Social Inequalities in Mental Health and Self-Perceived Health in the First Wave of COVID-19 Lockdown in Latin America and Spain: Results of an Online Observational Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(9), pages 1-23, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:9:p:5722-:d:1139296
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/9/5722/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/9/5722/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Andrea Amerio & Andrea Brambilla & Alessandro Morganti & Andrea Aguglia & Davide Bianchi & Francesca Santi & Luigi Costantini & Anna Odone & Alessandra Costanza & Carlo Signorelli & Gianluca Serafini , 2020. "COVID-19 Lockdown: Housing Built Environment’s Effects on Mental Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-10, August.
    2. Ilse Adriana Gutiérrez-Pérez & Pedro Delgado-Floody & Daniel Jerez-Mayorga & Diego Soto-García & Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete & Isela Parra-Rojas & Nacim Molina-Gutiérrez & Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán, 2021. "Lifestyle and Sociodemographic Parameters Associated with Mental and Physical Health during COVID-19 Confinement in Three Ibero-American Countries. A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-13, May.
    3. Elena Bermejo-Martins & Elkin O. Luis & Ainize Sarrionandia & Martín Martínez & María Sol Garcés & Edwin Y. Oliveros & Cristian Cortés-Rivera & Maider Belintxon & Pablo Fernández-Berrocal, 2021. "Different Responses to Stress, Health Practices, and Self-Care during COVID-19 Lockdown: A Stratified Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-17, February.
    4. Landa-Blanco, Miguel & Mejía, Claudio J. & Landa-Blanco, Ana Lucía & Martínez-Martínez, Carlos A. & Vásquez, Daniela & Vásquez, Gabriela & Moraga-Vargas, Paulo & Echenique, Yaraní & Del Cid, Glenda M., 2021. "Coronavirus awareness, confinement stress, and mental health: Evidence from Honduras, Chile, Costa Rica, Mexico and Spain," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    5. Jacques- Aviñó, Constanza & Peralta, Andrés & Carrere, Juli & Marí-Dell'Olmo, Marc & Benach, Joan & López, María-José, 2022. "Qualitative evaluation of an intervention to reduce energy poverty: Effects perceived by participants according to typologies of social vulnerability," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Daniela D’Alessandro & Andrea Rebecchi & Letizia Appolloni & Andrea Brambilla & Silvio Brusaferro & Maddalena Buffoli & Maurizio Carta & Alessandra Casuccio & Liliana Coppola & Maria Vittoria Corazza , 2023. "Re-Thinking the Environment, Cities, and Living Spaces for Public Health Purposes, According with the COVID-19 Lesson: The LVII Erice Charter," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-17, September.
    2. Antonio Millán-Jiménez & Rafael Herrera-Limones & Álvaro López-Escamilla & Emma López-Rubio & Miguel Torres-García, 2021. "Confinement, Comfort and Health: Analysis of the Real Influence of Lockdown on University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-15, May.
    3. Justyna Rój & Maciej Jankowiak, 2021. "Socioeconomic Determinants of Health and Their Unequal Distribution in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-20, October.
    4. Giulia Menculini & Francesco Bernardini & Luigi Attademo & Pierfrancesco Maria Balducci & Tiziana Sciarma & Patrizia Moretti & Alfonso Tortorella, 2021. "The Influence of the Urban Environment on Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Focus on Air Pollution and Migration—A Narrative Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-13, April.
    5. Bin Xu, 2022. "How to Efficiently Reduce the Carbon Intensity of the Heavy Industry in China? Using Quantile Regression Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-24, October.
    6. Elodie Charbonnier & Sarah Le Vigouroux & Aurelie Goncalves, 2021. "Psychological Vulnerability of French University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Four-Wave Longitudinal Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-13, September.
    7. Carole Pelissier & Joelane Paredes & Martine Moulin & Thierry Bitot & Eric Fakra & Luc Fontana, 2021. "Telework and Psychological Health in Hospital Staff during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Epidemic in France," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-11, October.
    8. Bienvenido-Huertas, David & Sánchez-García, Daniel & Rubio-Bellido, Carlos & Marín-García, David, 2024. "Holistic analysis to reduce energy poverty in social dwellings in southern Spain considering envelope, systems, operational pattern, and income levels," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    9. Mars, Lidón & Arroyo, Rosa & Ruiz, Tomás, 2022. "Mobility and wellbeing during the covid-19 lockdown. Evidence from Spain," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 107-129.
    10. Gill Hubbard & Chantal den Daas & Marie Johnston & Peter Murchie & Catharine Ward Thompson & Diane Dixon, 2021. "Are Rurality, Area Deprivation, Access to Outside Space, and Green Space Associated with Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Cross Sectional Study (CHARIS-E)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-17, April.
    11. Maddalena Buffoli & Silvia Mangili & Stefano Capolongo & Andrea Brambilla, 2022. "Explorative Study on Urban Public Space Renovation during COVID-19: Test of a Visual Web-Based Survey about the City of Saint German en Laye, France," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-17, September.
    12. Kokoro Natomi & Haruka Kato & Daisuke Matsushita, 2022. "Work-Related Stress of Work from Home with Housemates Based on Residential Types," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-14, March.
    13. Eva Hernandez-Garcia & Evangelia Chrysikou & Anastasia Z. Kalea, 2021. "The Interplay between Housing Environmental Attributes and Design Exposures and Psychoneuroimmunology Profile—An Exploratory Review and Analysis Paper in the Cancer Survivors’ Mental Health Morbidity ," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-32, October.
    14. Kimon Krenz & Ashley Dhanani & Rosemary R. C. McEachan & Kuldeep Sohal & John Wright & Laura Vaughan, 2023. "Linking the Urban Environment and Health: An Innovative Methodology for Measuring Individual-Level Environmental Exposures," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-22, January.
    15. Katarzyna Kocur-Bera, 2022. "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Era on Residential Property Features: Pilot Studies in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-19, May.
    16. Nazeem Muhajarine & Daniel A. Adeyinka & Vaidehi Pisolkar & Md Sabbir Ahmed & Natalie Kallio & Vithusha Coomaran & Tom McIntosh & Nuelle Novik & Bonnie Jeffery, 2022. "Equity Analysis of Repeated Cross-Sectional Survey Data on Mental Health Outcomes in Saskatchewan, Canada during COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-16, October.
    17. Lorenzo Capasso & Daniela D’Alessandro, 2021. "Housing and Health: Here We Go Again," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-9, November.
    18. Víctor Revilla-Cuesta & Marta Skaf & Juan Manuel Varona & Vanesa Ortega-López, 2021. "The Outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic and its Social Impact on Education: Were Engineering Teachers Ready to Teach Online?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-23, February.
    19. Fernando Molero & Patricia Recio & Encarnación Sarriá, 2021. "Living Space and Job Prospects and Their Relationship with Subjective Well-Being during COVID-19 Confinement in Spain: The Mediator Role of Resilience," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-13, August.
    20. Zhen Liu & Zulan Yang & Mingjie Liang & Yi Liu & Mohamed Osmani & Peter Demian, 2022. "A Conceptual Framework for Blockchain Enhanced Information Modeling for Healing and Therapeutic Design," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-27, July.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:9:p:5722-:d:1139296. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.