IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i3p996-d485674.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Impact of Policy Measures on Human Mobility, COVID-19 Cases, and Mortality in the US: A Spatiotemporal Perspective

Author

Listed:
  • Yun Li

    (Department of Geography and GeoInformation Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
    NSF Spatiotemporal Innovation Center, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA)

  • Moming Li

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA)

  • Megan Rice

    (Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA)

  • Haoyuan Zhang

    (Institute of Remote Sensing and GIS, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China)

  • Dexuan Sha

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA)

  • Mei Li

    (Institute of Remote Sensing and GIS, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China)

  • Yanfang Su

    (Department of Global Health, Washington University, Seattle, WA 98195, USA)

  • Chaowei Yang

    (Department of Geography and GeoInformation Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
    NSF Spatiotemporal Innovation Center, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA)

Abstract

Social distancing policies have been regarded as effective in containing the rapid spread of COVID-19. However, there is a limited understanding of policy effectiveness from a spatiotemporal perspective. This study integrates geographical, demographical, and other key factors into a regression-based event study framework, to assess the effectiveness of seven major policies on human mobility and COVID-19 case growth rates, with a spatiotemporal emphasis. Our results demonstrate that stay-at-home orders, workplace closures, and public information campaigns were effective in decreasing the confirmed case growth rate. For stay-at-home orders and workplace closures, these changes were associated with significant decreases ( p < 0.05) in mobility. Public information campaigns did not see these same mobility trends, but the growth rate still decreased significantly in all analysis periods ( p < 0.01). Stay-at-home orders and international/national travel controls had limited mitigation effects on the death case growth rate ( p < 0.1). The relationships between policies, mobility, and epidemiological metrics allowed us to evaluate the effectiveness of each policy and gave us insight into the spatiotemporal patterns and mechanisms by which these measures work. Our analysis will provide policymakers with better knowledge regarding the effectiveness of measures in space–time disaggregation.

Suggested Citation

  • Yun Li & Moming Li & Megan Rice & Haoyuan Zhang & Dexuan Sha & Mei Li & Yanfang Su & Chaowei Yang, 2021. "The Impact of Policy Measures on Human Mobility, COVID-19 Cases, and Mortality in the US: A Spatiotemporal Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-23, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:3:p:996-:d:485674
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/3/996/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/3/996/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jacobson, Louis S & LaLonde, Robert J & Sullivan, Daniel G, 1993. "Earnings Losses of Displaced Workers," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 83(4), pages 685-709, September.
    2. Louis S. Jacobson & Robert J. LaLonde & Daniel G. Sullivan, 1993. "Long-term earnings losses of high-seniority displaced workers," Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, vol. 17(Nov), pages 2-20.
    3. Joshua D. Angrist & Jörn-Steffen Pischke, 2009. "Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion," Economics Books, Princeton University Press, edition 1, number 8769.
    4. Binder, John J, 1998. "The Event Study Methodology since 1969," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 11(2), pages 111-137, September.
    5. James H. Fowler & Seth J. Hill & Remy Levin & Nick Obradovich, 2020. "The effect of stay-at-home orders on COVID-19 cases and fatalities in the United States," Papers 2004.06098, arXiv.org, revised May 2020.
    6. Rolim, Paula S.W. & Bettini, Humberto F.A.J. & Oliveira, Alessandro V.M., 2016. "Estimating the impact of airport privatization on airline demand: AÂ regression-based event study," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 31-41.
    7. A. Craig MacKinlay, 1997. "Event Studies in Economics and Finance," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 35(1), pages 13-39, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Melissa Silva & Iuria Betco & César Capinha & Rita Roquette & Cláudia M. Viana & Jorge Rocha, 2022. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics of COVID-19 Infections in Mainland Portugal," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-28, August.
    2. Joseph Zuccarelli & Laura Seaman & Kevin Rader, 2024. "Assessing the Impact of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on Consumer Mobility Patterns and COVID-19 Transmission in the US," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(1), pages 1-16, January.
    3. Yun Li & Moming Li & Megan Rice & Yanfang Su & Chaowei Yang, 2021. "Phased Implementation of COVID-19 Vaccination: Rapid Assessment of Policy Adoption, Reach and Effectiveness to Protect the Most Vulnerable in the US," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-14, July.
    4. Bulut Boru & M. Emre Gursoy, 2022. "Forecasting Daily COVID-19 Case Counts Using Aggregate Mobility Statistics," Data, MDPI, vol. 7(11), pages 1-24, November.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lehtoranta, Antti, 2014. "Childhood experience of father's job loss and stock market participation," Research Discussion Papers 30/2014, Bank of Finland.
    2. Ubaldi, Michele & Picchio, Matteo, 2023. "Intergenerational scars: The impact of parental unemployment on individual health later in life," GLO Discussion Paper Series 1271, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    3. repec:zbw:bofrdp:2014_030 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Sun, Yajie & Liao, Wen-Chi, 2021. "Resource-Exhausted City Transition to continue industrial development," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    5. Goodman-Bacon, Andrew, 2021. "Difference-in-differences with variation in treatment timing," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 225(2), pages 254-277.
    6. Simon Freyaldenhoven & Christian Hansen & Jesse M. Shapiro, 2019. "Pre-event Trends in the Panel Event-Study Design," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 109(9), pages 3307-3338, September.
    7. Lehtoranta, Antti, 2014. "Childhood experience of father's job loss and stock market participation," Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers 30/2014, Bank of Finland.
    8. Jennifer A. Delaney & Tyler D. Kearney, 2022. "TV Networks for College Sports: Implications for Institutional Subsidies," Research in Higher Education, Springer;Association for Institutional Research, vol. 63(7), pages 1158-1203, November.
    9. Laura Barrie Smith, 2022. "The effect of nurse practitioner scope of practice laws on primary care delivery," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(1), pages 21-41, January.
    10. Bedoya Arguelles,Guadalupe & Bittarello,Luca & Davis,Jonathan Martin Villars & Mittag,Nikolas Karl & Bedoya Arguelles,Guadalupe & Bittarello,Luca & Davis,Jonathan Martin Villars & Mittag,Nikolas Karl, 2017. "Distributional impact analysis: toolkit and illustrations of impacts beyond the average treatment effect," Policy Research Working Paper Series 8139, The World Bank.
    11. Amélie Speiser, 2021. "Back to work: the effect of a long-term career interruption on subsequent wages in Switzerland," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, Springer;Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics, vol. 157(1), pages 1-14, December.
    12. Hongsheng Fang & Xufei Zhang & Lin Guo, 2023. "Productivity effects of corporate income tax: Evidence from China," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 46(6), pages 1815-1842, June.
    13. Yiang Li & Xingzuo Zhou, 2022. "Local political control in educational policy: Evidence from decentralized teacher pay reform under England's local education authorities," Papers 2209.08211, arXiv.org.
    14. Huang, Xiaoqi & Liu, Wei & Zhang, Zhan & Zou, Xinyu & Li, Pujuan, 2023. "Quantity or quality: Environmental legislation and corporate green innovations," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 204(PB).
    15. Delaney, Jennifer A. & Kearney, Tyler D., 2015. "The impact of guaranteed tuition policies on postsecondary tuition levels: A difference-in-difference approach," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 80-99.
    16. Bas Scheer & Wiljan van den Berge & Maarten Goos & Alan Manning & Anna Salomons, 2022. "Alternative Work Arrangements and Worker Outcomes: Evidence from Payrolling," CPB Discussion Paper 435, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.
    17. Wright, Austin L. & Sonin, Konstantin & Driscoll, Jesse & Wilson, Jarnickae, 2020. "Poverty and economic dislocation reduce compliance with COVID-19 shelter-in-place protocols," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 544-554.
    18. Yuegang Song & Songlin Jin & Zhenhui Li, 2022. "Venture Capital and Chinese Firms’ Technological Innovation Capability: Effective Evaluation and Mechanism Verification," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-20, August.
    19. Andreas Pollak, 2008. "Optimal Unemployment Insurance with Variable Skill Levels," Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE), Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, vol. 164(4), pages 696-726, December.
    20. Liu, Duan & Yu, Nizhou & Wan, Hong, 2022. "Does water rights trading affect corporate investment? The role of resource allocation and risk mitigation channels," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    21. Alexander Hijzen & Sébastien Jean & Thierry Mayer, 2011. "The effects at home of initiating production abroad: evidence from matched French firms," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 147(3), pages 457-483, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:3:p:996-:d:485674. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.