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Exercise, Immune System, Nutrition, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases during COVID-19: A Complex Combination

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  • Olga Scudiero

    (Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
    Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
    Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy
    These authors equally contributed to this work.)

  • Barbara Lombardo

    (Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
    Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy
    These authors equally contributed to this work.)

  • Mariarita Brancaccio

    (Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy)

  • Cristina Mennitti

    (Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy)

  • Arturo Cesaro

    (Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy
    Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano”, 81100 Caserta, Italy)

  • Fabio Fimiani

    (Unit of Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale AORN Dei Colli, “V.Monaldi”, 80122 Naples, Italy)

  • Luca Gentile

    (Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy)

  • Elisabetta Moscarella

    (Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy
    Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano”, 81100 Caserta, Italy)

  • Federica Amodio

    (Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy)

  • Annaluisa Ranieri

    (Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy)

  • Felice Gragnano

    (Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy
    Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano”, 81100 Caserta, Italy)

  • Sonia Laneri

    (Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Via Montesano, 80131 Naples, Italy)

  • Cristina Mazzaccara

    (Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
    Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy)

  • Pierpaolo Di Micco

    (Department of Internal Medicine and Emergency Room, Ospedale Buon Consiglio Fatebenefratelli, 80123 Naples, Italy)

  • Martina Caiazza

    (Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi Hospital, 81100 Naples, Italy)

  • Giovanni D’Alicandro

    (Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Center of Sports Medicine and Disability, AORN, Santobono-Pausillipon, 80122 Naples, Italy)

  • Giuseppe Limongelli

    (Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy)

  • Paolo Calabrò

    (Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy
    Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano”, 81100 Caserta, Italy)

  • Raffaela Pero

    (Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
    Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy)

  • Giulia Frisso

    (Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
    Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy)

Abstract

Coronaviruses (CoVs) represent a large family of RNA viruses that can infect different living species, posing a global threat to human health. CoVs can evade the immune response, replicate within the host, and cause a rapid immune compromise culminating in severe acute respiratory syndrome. In humans, the immune system functions are influenced by physical activity, nutrition, and the absence of respiratory or cardiovascular diseases. This review provides an in-depth study between the interactions of the immune system and coronaviruses in the host to defend against CoVs disease.

Suggested Citation

  • Olga Scudiero & Barbara Lombardo & Mariarita Brancaccio & Cristina Mennitti & Arturo Cesaro & Fabio Fimiani & Luca Gentile & Elisabetta Moscarella & Federica Amodio & Annaluisa Ranieri & Felice Gragna, 2021. "Exercise, Immune System, Nutrition, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases during COVID-19: A Complex Combination," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-20, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:3:p:904-:d:484295
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Raffaela Pero & Mariarita Brancaccio & Cristina Mennitti & Luca Gentile & Sergio Arpino & Renato De Falco & Eleonora Leggiero & Annaluisa Ranieri & Chiara Pagliuca & Roberta Colicchio & Paola Salvator, 2020. "Urinary Biomarkers: Diagnostic Tools for Monitoring Athletes’ Health Status," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-14, August.
    2. Mariarita Brancaccio & Cristina Mennitti & Arturo Cesaro & Fabio Fimiani & Elisabetta Moscarella & Martina Caiazza & Felice Gragnano & Annaluisa Ranieri & Giovanni D’Alicandro & Nadia Tinto & Cristina, 2020. "Dietary Thiols: A Potential Supporting Strategy against Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure and Muscular Damage during Sports Activity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-22, December.
    3. Carolina Lucas & Patrick Wong & Jon Klein & Tiago B. R. Castro & Julio Silva & Maria Sundaram & Mallory K. Ellingson & Tianyang Mao & Ji Eun Oh & Benjamin Israelow & Takehiro Takahashi & Maria Tokuyam, 2020. "Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19," Nature, Nature, vol. 584(7821), pages 463-469, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Mariarita Brancaccio & Cristina Mennitti & Alessandro Gentile & Luca Correale & Cosme Franklim Buzzachera & Cinzia Ferraris & Cristina Montomoli & Giulia Frisso & Paola Borrelli & Olga Scudiero, 2021. "Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Job Activity, Dietary Behaviours and Physical Activity Habits of University Population of Naples, Federico II-Italy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-14, February.
    2. Iit Selviani & Tri Prasetyo & Randi Kurniawan & Raffiandy Alsyifa Putra & Oki Candra & Yose Rizal, 2024. "Activities and Involvement in Sports have a Significant Impact on Life: A Descriptive Analysis," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 8(8), pages 1926-1934, August.
    3. Mariarita Brancaccio & Cristina Mennitti & Arturo Cesaro & Fabio Fimiani & Martina Vano & Biagio Gargiulo & Martina Caiazza & Federica Amodio & Iolanda Coto & Giovanni D’Alicandro & Cristina Mazzaccar, 2022. "The Biological Role of Vitamins in Athletes’ Muscle, Heart and Microbiota," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-21, January.
    4. Brenda Rodrigues Silva & Fernanda Rodrigues Monteiro & Kizzy Cezário & Jônatas Bussador do Amaral & Vitória Paixão & Ewin Barbosa Almeida & Carlos André Freitas dos Santos & Gislene Rocha Amirato & Da, 2023. "Older Adults Who Maintained a Regular Physical Exercise Routine before the Pandemic Show Better Immune Response to Vaccination for COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-18, January.

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