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Influence of Population Density for COVID-19 Spread in Malaysia: An Ecological Study

Author

Listed:
  • Kurubaran Ganasegeran

    (Clinical Research Center, Seberang Jaya Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Seberang Perai 13700, Penang, Malaysia)

  • Mohd Fadzly Amar Jamil

    (Clinical Research Center, Seberang Jaya Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Seberang Perai 13700, Penang, Malaysia)

  • Alan Swee Hock Ch’ng

    (Clinical Research Center, Seberang Jaya Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Seberang Perai 13700, Penang, Malaysia
    Medical Department, Seberang Jaya Hospital, Seberang Perai 13700, Penang, Malaysia)

  • Irene Looi

    (Clinical Research Center, Seberang Jaya Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Seberang Perai 13700, Penang, Malaysia
    Medical Department, Seberang Jaya Hospital, Seberang Perai 13700, Penang, Malaysia)

  • Kalaiarasu M. Peariasamy

    (Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia)

Abstract

The rapid transmission of highly contagious infectious diseases within communities can yield potential hotspots or clusters across geographies. For COVID-19, the impact of population density on transmission models demonstrates mixed findings. This study aims to determine the correlations between population density, clusters, and COVID-19 incidence across districts and regions in Malaysia. This countrywide ecological study was conducted between 22 January 2021 and 4 February 2021 involving 51,476 active COVID-19 cases during Malaysia’s third wave of the pandemic, prior to the reimplementation of lockdowns. Population data from multiple sources was aggregated and spatial analytics were performed to visualize distributional choropleths of COVID-19 cases in relation to population density. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to synthesize dendrograms to demarcate potential clusters against population density. Region-wise correlations and simple linear regression models were deduced to observe the strength of the correlations and the propagation effects of COVID-19 infections relative to population density. Distributional heats in choropleths and cluster analysis showed that districts with a high number of inhabitants and a high population density had a greater number of cases in proportion to the population in that area. The Central region had the strongest correlation between COVID-19 cases and population density ( r = 0.912; 95% CI 0.911, 0.913; p < 0.001). The propagation effect and the spread of disease was greater in urbanized districts or cities. Population density is an important factor for the spread of COVID-19 in Malaysia.

Suggested Citation

  • Kurubaran Ganasegeran & Mohd Fadzly Amar Jamil & Alan Swee Hock Ch’ng & Irene Looi & Kalaiarasu M. Peariasamy, 2021. "Influence of Population Density for COVID-19 Spread in Malaysia: An Ecological Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-12, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:18:p:9866-:d:638934
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    5. Kurubaran Ganasegeran & Mohd Fadzly Amar Jamil & Maheshwara Rao Appannan & Alan Swee Hock Ch’ng & Irene Looi & Kalaiarasu M. Peariasamy, 2022. "Spatial Dynamics and Multiscale Regression Modelling of Population Level Indicators for COVID-19 Spread in Malaysia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-13, February.
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