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Prerequisite for COVID-19 Prediction: A Review on Factors Affecting the Infection Rate

Author

Listed:
  • Shirley Gee Hoon Tang

    (Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia)

  • Muhamad Haziq Hasnul Hadi

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia)

  • Siti Rosilah Arsad

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia)

  • Pin Jern Ker

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia)

  • Santhi Ramanathan

    (Faculty of Business, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, Malacca 75450, Malaysia)

  • Nayli Aliah Mohd Afandi

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia)

  • Madihah Mohd Afzal

    (Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia)

  • Mei Wyin Yaw

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia)

  • Prajindra Sankar Krishnan

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia)

  • Chai Phing Chen

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia)

  • Sieh Kiong Tiong

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia)

Abstract

Since the year 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as the dominant topic of discussion in the public and research domains. Intensive research has been carried out on several aspects of COVID-19, including vaccines, its transmission mechanism, detection of COVID-19 infection, and its infection rate and factors. The awareness of the public related to the COVID-19 infection factors enables the public to adhere to the standard operating procedures, while a full elucidation on the correlation of different factors to the infection rate facilitates effective measures to minimize the risk of COVID-19 infection by policy makers and enforcers. Hence, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive and analytical review of different factors affecting the COVID-19 infection rate. Furthermore, this review analyses factors which directly and indirectly affect the COVID-19 infection risk, such as physical distance, ventilation, face masks, meteorological factor, socioeconomic factor, vaccination, host factor, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and the availability of COVID-19 testing. Critical analysis was performed for the different factors by providing quantitative and qualitative studies. Lastly, the challenges of correlating each infection risk factor to the predicted risk of COVID-19 infection are discussed, and recommendations for further research works and interventions are outlined.

Suggested Citation

  • Shirley Gee Hoon Tang & Muhamad Haziq Hasnul Hadi & Siti Rosilah Arsad & Pin Jern Ker & Santhi Ramanathan & Nayli Aliah Mohd Afandi & Madihah Mohd Afzal & Mei Wyin Yaw & Prajindra Sankar Krishnan & Ch, 2022. "Prerequisite for COVID-19 Prediction: A Review on Factors Affecting the Infection Rate," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-38, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:20:p:12997-:d:938600
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