IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i18p9648-d634674.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Efficacy of Brief School-Based Exercise Programs in Improving Pubertal Bone Mass and Physical Fitness: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Author

Listed:
  • Xin Tian

    (College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China)

  • Jian Fu

    (College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China)

  • Jiaxue Tian

    (College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China)

  • Yu Yang

    (College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China)

  • Wenjie Liang

    (College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China)

  • Wencui Fan

    (College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China)

  • Renqing Zhao

    (College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China)

Abstract

Purpose: To examine the effects of three types of school-based exercises on bone health and physical fitness function in Chinese boys and girls. Methods: One hundred and seventy-four Chinese boys and girls were randomly assigned into four groups: (1) sham exercise (ShEx); (2) high-impact exercise (HiEx); (3) high-impact exercise with various directions (HiExVi); and (4) high-intensity interval exercise (HiInEx). Speed of sound (SOS) and physical fitness parameters were determined before and after six-month intervention. Results: At the end of six-month intervention, participants in all groups show an increment of SOS compared with the baseline ( p < 0.05), and the changes were higher in HiEx (mean: 38.878 m/s, 95% CI: 32.885~44.872, p = 0.001) and HiExVi groups (49.317 m/s, 42.737~55.897, p < 0.001) compared with ShEx group (20.049 m/s, 13.751~26.346). Six-month exercise training generated a reduction of percent of body fat (PBF) and waist–hip ratio (WHR) ( p < 0.05). The decrease of PBF was greater in HiExVi (−1.222%, −1.820~−0.624, p = 0.012) and HiInEx groups (−1.395%, −1.809~−0.982, p = 0.003), whereas the reduction of WHR was larger in HiEx (−0.026, −0.039~−0.014, p = 0.009), HiExVi (−0.024, −0.036~−0.012, p = 0.021), and HiInEx groups (−0.035, −0.046~−0.024, p < 0.001) compared with ShEx group. Balance function (BLF), vital capacity (VC), standing long jump (SLJ), and sit up (SU) increased in all intervention groups ( p < 0.05). The BLF increased in HiEx (6.332 s, 4.136~8.528, p = 0.001), HiExVi (10.489 s, 8.934~12.045, p < 0.001), and HiInEx groups (9.103 s, 7.430~10.776, p < 0.001) showed a greater change than that of ShEx group (1.727 s, 0.684~2.770). The increment of VC (273.049 mL, 199.510~346.587, p < 0.001) and SU (2.537 times/min, 0.639~4.435, p = 0.017) was higher in HiInEx group, whereas the accrual in SLJ was larger in HiExVi (7.488 cm, 4.936~10.040, p = 0.007) compared with ShEx group (58.902 mL, 7.990~109.814; −0.463 times/min, −2.003~1.077; 1.488 cm, −0.654~3.630). Conclusion: The brief school-based exercises were effective in improving schoolchildren’s health, but they showed different effects, with HiEx mostly improving bone health, HiInEx largely benefiting physical fitness function, and HiExVi enhancing both bone and physical fitness.

Suggested Citation

  • Xin Tian & Jian Fu & Jiaxue Tian & Yu Yang & Wenjie Liang & Wencui Fan & Renqing Zhao, 2021. "The Efficacy of Brief School-Based Exercise Programs in Improving Pubertal Bone Mass and Physical Fitness: A Randomized Controlled Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-13, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:18:p:9648-:d:634674
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9648/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9648/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Adilson Marques & Duarte Henriques-Neto & Miguel Peralta & João Martins & Yolanda Demetriou & Dorothea M. I. Schönbach & Margarida Gaspar de Matos, 2020. "Prevalence of Physical Activity among Adolescents from 105 Low, Middle, and High-Income Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-11, April.
    2. Ariane Ghekiere & Jelle Van Cauwenberg & Ann Vandendriessche & Joanna Inchley & Margarida Gaspar de Matos & Alberto Borraccino & Inese Gobina & Jorma Tynjälä & Benedicte Deforche & Bart De Clercq, 2019. "Trends in sleeping difficulties among European adolescents: Are these associated with physical inactivity and excessive screen time?," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 64(4), pages 487-498, May.
    3. Rhona Martin-Smith & Ashley Cox & Duncan S. Buchan & Julien S. Baker & Fergal Grace & Nicholas Sculthorpe, 2020. "High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF) in Healthy, Overweight and Obese Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Studies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-20, April.
    4. Jian Li & Johannes Siegrist, 2012. "Physical Activity and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease—A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-17, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis & Helder Fernando Pedrosa Sousa & Andreia de Moura & Lilian M. F. Viterbo & Ricardo J. Pinto, 2019. "Health Behaviors as a Mediator of the Association Between Interpersonal Relationships and Physical Health in a Workplace Context," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-9, July.
    2. Takafumi Nishioka & Hideki Hasunuma & Masumi Okuda & Naoko Taniguchi & Tetsuro Fujino & Hideki Shimomura & Yasuhiko Tanaka & Masayuki Shima & Yasuhiro Takeshima & Japan Environment and Children’s Stud, 2022. "Effects of Screen Viewing Time on Sleep Duration and Bedtime in Children Aged 1 and 3 Years: Japan Environment and Children’s Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-13, March.
    3. Marine Kirsch & Damien Vitiello, 2022. "The COVID-19 Pandemic Lowers Active Behavior of Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases, Healthy Peoples and Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-14, January.
    4. Daniel Sanz-Martín & Félix Zurita-Ortega & Germán Ruiz-Tendero & José Luis Ubago-Jiménez, 2023. "Moderate–Vigorous Physical Activity, Screen Time and Sleep Time Profiles: A Cluster Analysis in Spanish Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-13, January.
    5. Elisa Menardo & Stefano De Dominicis & Margherita Pasini, 2022. "Exploring Perceived and Objective Measures of the Neighborhood Environment and Associations with Physical Activity among Adults: A Review and a Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-15, February.
    6. Solvita Klavina-Makrecka & Inese Gobina & Toms Pulmanis & Iveta Pudule & Anita Villerusa, 2020. "Insufficient sleep duration in association with self-reported pain and corresponding medicine use among adolescents: a cross-sectional population-based study in Latvia," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 65(8), pages 1365-1371, November.
    7. Carla Santos & José Maia & Sara Pereira & Olga Vasconcelos & Rui Garganta & J. Timothy Lightfoot & Go Tani & Donald Hedeker & Peter T. Katzmarzyk & Alcibíades Bustamante, 2023. "Sibling Resemblance in Physical Activity Levels: The Peruvian Sibling Study on Growth and Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-9, February.
    8. Casey S. Hopkins & Chris Hopkins & Samantha Kanny & Amanda Watson, 2022. "A Systematic Review of Factors Associated with Sport Participation among Adolescent Females," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-16, March.
    9. Daniel Puciato, 2019. "Sociodemographic Associations of Physical Activity in People of Working Age," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-12, June.
    10. Adilson Marques & Thiago Santos & Élvio R. Gouveia & Yolanda Demetriou & Dorothea M. I. Schönbach & Gerson Ferrari & Dorota Kleszczewska & Anna Dzielska & Miguel Peralta, 2021. "Translation and Validation of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction in Active Commuting to and from School (BPNS-ACS) Scale in Young Portuguese Students," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-9, December.
    11. Rosa S. Wong & Keith T. S. Tung & Nirmala Rao & Frederick K. W. Ho & Ko Ling Chan & King-Wa Fu & Winnie W. Y. Tso & Fan Jiang & Jason C. S. Yam & David Coghill & Ian C. K. Wong & Patrick Ip, 2021. "A Longitudinal Study of the Relation between Childhood Activities and Psychosocial Adjustment in Early Adolescence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-11, May.
    12. Úna Kingston & Manolis Adamakis & Diarmuid Lester & João Costa, 2023. "A Scoping Review on Quality Physical Education Programmes and Their Outcomes on Primary-Level Pupils," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-14, February.
    13. Miguel Peralta & Diana A. Santos & Duarte Henriques-Neto & Gerson Ferrari & Hugo Sarmento & Adilson Marques, 2020. "Promoting Health-Related Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Physical Education: The Role of Class Intensity and Habitual Physical Activity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-11, September.
    14. Silas Gabriel de Oliveira-Nunes & Alex Castro & Amanda Veiga Sardeli & Claudia Regina Cavaglieri & Mara Patricia Traina Chacon-Mikahil, 2021. "HIIT vs. SIT: What Is the Better to Improve V ˙ O 2 max? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-14, December.
    15. David Manzano-Sánchez & María Victoria Palop-Montoro & Milagros Arteaga-Checa & Alfonso Valero-Valenzuela, 2022. "Analysis of Adolescent Physical Activity Levels and Their Relationship with Body Image and Nutritional Habits," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-14, March.
    16. Michela Bersia & Paola Berchialla & Lorena Charrier & Patrizia Lemma & Alberto Borraccino & Paola Nardone & Daniela Pierannunzio & Silvia Ciardullo & Rosanna Irene Comoretto & Paola Dalmasso, 2022. "Mental Well-Being: 2010–2018 Trends among Italian Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-19, January.
    17. João Martins & João Costa & Hugo Sarmento & Adilson Marques & Cláudio Farias & Marcos Onofre & Miguel González Valeiro, 2021. "Adolescents’ Perspectives on the Barriers and Facilitators of Physical Activity: An Updated Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-25, May.
    18. Jarosław Domaradzki & Dawid Koźlenia & Marek Popowczak, 2022. "The Mediation Role of Fatness in Associations between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Blood Pressure after High-Intensity Interval Training in Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-14, February.
    19. Samuel Encarnação & Filipe Rodrigues & António Miguel Monteiro & Hatem Gouili & Soukaina Hattabi & Andrew Sortwell & Luís Branquinho & José Eduardo Teixeira & Ricardo Ferraz & Pedro Flores & Sandra Si, 2023. "Obesity Status and Physical Fitness Levels in Male and Female Portuguese Adolescents: A Two-Way Multivariate Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(12), pages 1-14, June.
    20. Meng Cao & Yucheng Tang & Shu Li & Yu Zou, 2021. "Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obesity Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-22, November.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:18:p:9648-:d:634674. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.