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Exposomes to Exosomes: Exosomes as Tools to Study Epigenetic Adaptive Mechanisms in High-Altitude Humans

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  • Manju Padmasekar

    (Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany)

  • Rajkumar Savai

    (Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
    Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
    Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Member of the DZL, Member of CPI, 35392 Giessen, Germany
    Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany)

  • Werner Seeger

    (Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
    Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
    Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Member of the DZL, Member of CPI, 35392 Giessen, Germany)

  • Soni Savai Pullamsetti

    (Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
    Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
    Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Member of the DZL, Member of CPI, 35392 Giessen, Germany)

Abstract

Humans on earth inhabit a wide range of environmental conditions and some environments are more challenging for human survival than others. However, many living beings, including humans, have developed adaptive mechanisms to live in such inhospitable, harsh environments. Among different difficult environments, high-altitude living is especially demanding because of diminished partial pressure of oxygen and resulting chronic hypobaric hypoxia. This results in poor blood oxygenation and reduces aerobic oxidative respiration in the mitochondria, leading to increased reactive oxygen species generation and activation of hypoxia-inducible gene expression. Genetic mechanisms in the adaptation to high altitude is well-studied, but there are only limited studies regarding the role of epigenetic mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to understand the epigenetic mechanisms behind high-altitude adaptive and maladaptive phenotypes. Hypobaric hypoxia is a form of cellular hypoxia, which is similar to the one suffered by critically-ill hypoxemia patients. Thus, understanding the adaptive epigenetic signals operating in in high-altitude adjusted indigenous populations may help in therapeutically modulating signaling pathways in hypoxemia patients by copying the most successful epigenotype. In addition, we have summarized the current information about exosomes in hypoxia research and prospects to use them as diagnostic tools to study the epigenome of high-altitude adapted healthy or maladapted individuals.

Suggested Citation

  • Manju Padmasekar & Rajkumar Savai & Werner Seeger & Soni Savai Pullamsetti, 2021. "Exposomes to Exosomes: Exosomes as Tools to Study Epigenetic Adaptive Mechanisms in High-Altitude Humans," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-20, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:16:p:8280-:d:608626
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    References listed on IDEAS

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