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Assessment of the Evolution of Groundwater Chemistry and Its Controlling Factors in the Huangshui River Basin of Northwestern China, Using Hydrochemistry and Multivariate Statistical Techniques

Author

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  • Bing Zhou

    (Hebei and China Geological Survey Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
    China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Huiwei Wang

    (Hebei and China Geological Survey Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China)

  • Qianqian Zhang

    (Hebei and China Geological Survey Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
    Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China)

Abstract

Groundwater is an eco-environmental factor and critical resource required for human life and socioeconomic development. Understanding the evolution of groundwater chemistry and its controlling factors are imperative for preventing its deterioration and ensuring its sustainable use. We studied the characteristics of groundwater chemistry in the Huangshui River Basin in Qinghai Province, China using hydrochemical techniques. Additionally, we identified the controlling factors of groundwater chemistry in this region using multivariate statistical techniques. Seventeen hydrochemical parameters of groundwater were investigated at 156 sites in June 2019. The results showed that total hardness, Fe, NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , and Cl − were primary pollution factors of groundwater in this region, and that 33.3%, 35.3%, 8.97%, 23.1%, and 7.69% of the samples exceeded Grade III standards for groundwater quality in China, respectively. Land use types also significantly affected groundwater hydrochemistry. The hydrochemical composition of groundwater in industrial areas is more strongly influenced by human activities. The major hydrochemical types identified in the region were HCO 3 -Ca·Mg and HCO 3 ·SO 4 -Ca·Mg. Additionally, high proportions of SO 4 (50.6%), Na (32.1%), and Cl (13.5%) groundwater types revealed the influence of anthropogenic activities on the groundwater hydrochemistry. Rock weathering was the major factor influencing the groundwater hydrochemistry, while evaporation–condensation and anthropogenic activities also influenced the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater. The hydrochemical composition of groundwater was mainly controlled by silicate rock weathering. The main controlling factors of groundwater hydrochemistry were water–rock interactions, “physicochemical” factors (nature processes), domestic sewage, chemical fertilizer, and industrial sewage (human activities).

Suggested Citation

  • Bing Zhou & Huiwei Wang & Qianqian Zhang, 2021. "Assessment of the Evolution of Groundwater Chemistry and Its Controlling Factors in the Huangshui River Basin of Northwestern China, Using Hydrochemistry and Multivariate Statistical Techniques," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-16, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:14:p:7551-:d:594973
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lele Xiao & Qianqian Zhang & Chao Niu & Huiwei Wang, 2020. "Spatiotemporal Patterns in River Water Quality and Pollution Source Apportionment in the Arid Beichuan River Basin of Northwestern China Using Positive Matrix Factorization Receptor Modeling Technique," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-15, July.
    2. Qianqian Zhang & Long Wang & Huiwei Wang & Xi Zhu & Lijun Wang, 2020. "Spatio-Temporal Variation of Groundwater Quality and Source Apportionment Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques for the Hutuo River Alluvial-Pluvial Fan, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-14, February.
    3. Chaobin Ren & Qianqian Zhang, 2020. "Groundwater Chemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors in a Region of Northern China with Intensive Human Activity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-15, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Soumaya Hajji & Nabila Allouche & Salem Bouri & Awad M. Aljuaid & Wafik Hachicha, 2021. "Assessment of Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers Using Multivariate Statistical Analyses and Hydrochemical Facies Evolution-Based Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-18, December.
    2. Zhi Tu & Yinzhu Zhou & Jinlong Zhou & Shuangbao Han & Jinwei Liu & Jiangtao Liu & Ying Sun & Fangyuan Yang, 2023. "Identification and Risk Assessment of Priority Control Organic Pollutants in Groundwater in the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, P.R. China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-21, January.

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