Integrating GIS, Statistical, Hydrogeochemical Modeling and Graphical Approaches for Hydrogeochemical Evaluation of Ad-Dawadmi Ground Water, Saudi Arabia: Status and Implications of Evaporation and Rock–Water Interactions

Ensuring sustainability of groundwater (GW) resources requires understanding the interplaying factors in the hydrogeochemical evolution of the system (cause and effect relationships), which is the subject of the current work concerning the groundwater resource in a hyperarid region, namely, AdDawadmi, Saudi Arabia. Integration of geographical information system (GIS), statistical, graphical, and geochemical modeling approaches are adopted to achieve the study’s design intentions. Slicing the study area on a spatial basis helped yield insights into major constituents’ variation trends using the graphical methods that lack spatial representation capabilities, such as Piper, radial, and Durov plots. Localities of higher salinities, NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , Cl − , Na + , and Ca 2+ are remarkable, indicating the effects of localized and point source activities and evaporation-driven concentrating processes rather than lithology supported by the largest regression and correlation coefficients for Cl − , Na + , and SO 4 2 . Many interacting processes are identified: evaporation, vicious salinization cycle (VSC), rock weathering, ion exchange, and geomorphological-driven flow. Hydrogeochemical modeling using the Visual MINTEQ program concludes that concentration-driven evaporation might lead to the precipitation of significant SO 4 2− and Ca 2+ along with CaCO 3 saturation. Such processes, coupled with the ion exchange, would greatly impact the GW chemical composition and affect the aquifer and soil properties such as permeability. Human activities impact the GW system, necessitating remediation plans and protection policies to prevent overexploitation and brook the VSC. Finally, the integration of the adopted approaches was found useful, constraining the findings of one approach, reducing the associated uncertainties, enhancing the confidence level and reliability of the obtained conclusions, and obtaining useful information, enabling understanding of the internally interacting processes otherwise hidden.