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Spatio-Temporal Variation of Groundwater Quality and Source Apportionment Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques for the Hutuo River Alluvial-Pluvial Fan, China

Author

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  • Qianqian Zhang

    (Hebei and China Geological Survey Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China)

  • Long Wang

    (School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University, Yanan Road, Urumqi 830047, China)

  • Huiwei Wang

    (Hebei and China Geological Survey Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China)

  • Xi Zhu

    (Hebei and China Geological Survey Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China)

  • Lijun Wang

    (Hebei and China Geological Survey Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China)

Abstract

Groundwater quality deterioration has become an environmental problem of widespread concern. In this study, we used a water quality index (WQI) and multivariate statistical techniques to assess groundwater quality and to trace pollution sources in the Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan, China. Measurement data of 17 variables in 27 monitoring sites from three field surveys were obtained and pretreated. Results showed that there were 53.09% of NO 3 − , 18.52% of SO 4 2 − and 83.95% of total hardness (TH) in samples that exceeded the Grade III standard for groundwater quality in China (GB/T 14848-2017). Based on WQI results, sampling sites were divided into three types: high-polluted sites, medium-polluted sites and low-polluted sites. The spatial variation in groundwater quality revealed that concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), Cl − , TH and NO 3 − were the highest in high-polluted sites, followed by medium-polluted and low-polluted sites. The temporal variation in groundwater quality was controlled by the dilution of rainwater. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the primary pollution sources of groundwater were domestic sewage, industrial sewage and water–rock interactions in the dry season. However, in the rainy and transition seasons, the main pollution sources shifted to domestic sewage and water–rock interactions, nonpoint pollution and industrial sewage. According to the absolute principal component scores-multivariate linear regression (APCS-MLR), most water quality parameters were primarily influenced by domestic sewage. Therefore, in order to prevent the continuous deterioration of groundwater quality, the discharge of domestic sewage in the Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan region should be controlled.

Suggested Citation

  • Qianqian Zhang & Long Wang & Huiwei Wang & Xi Zhu & Lijun Wang, 2020. "Spatio-Temporal Variation of Groundwater Quality and Source Apportionment Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques for the Hutuo River Alluvial-Pluvial Fan, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-14, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:3:p:1055-:d:317817
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Henry Kaiser, 1958. "The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 23(3), pages 187-200, September.
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    1. Bing Zhou & Huiwei Wang & Qianqian Zhang, 2021. "Assessment of the Evolution of Groundwater Chemistry and Its Controlling Factors in the Huangshui River Basin of Northwestern China, Using Hydrochemistry and Multivariate Statistical Techniques," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-16, July.
    2. Chaobin Ren & Qianqian Zhang & Huiwei Wang & Yan Wang, 2021. "Identification of Sources and Transformations of Nitrate in the Intense Human Activity Region of North China Using a Multi-Isotope and Bayesian Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-16, August.
    3. Lele Xiao & Qianqian Zhang & Chao Niu & Huiwei Wang, 2020. "Spatiotemporal Patterns in River Water Quality and Pollution Source Apportionment in the Arid Beichuan River Basin of Northwestern China Using Positive Matrix Factorization Receptor Modeling Technique," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-15, July.
    4. Soumaya Hajji & Nabila Allouche & Salem Bouri & Awad M. Aljuaid & Wafik Hachicha, 2021. "Assessment of Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers Using Multivariate Statistical Analyses and Hydrochemical Facies Evolution-Based Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-18, December.
    5. Zhi Tu & Yinzhu Zhou & Jinlong Zhou & Shuangbao Han & Jinwei Liu & Jiangtao Liu & Ying Sun & Fangyuan Yang, 2023. "Identification and Risk Assessment of Priority Control Organic Pollutants in Groundwater in the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, P.R. China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-21, January.

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