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Combined Effect of Lead Exposure and Allostatic Load on Cardiovascular Disease Mortality—A Preliminary Study

Author

Listed:
  • Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi

    (Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
    Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

  • Alesia C. Ferguson

    (Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

  • Katherine A. Stamatakis

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA)

  • Michael A. Province

    (Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA)

Abstract

This study explores the combined effect of lead (Pb) exposure and an index of chronic physiological stress on cardiovascular disease mortality using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2008 linked to 1999–2014 National Death Index data. Chronic physiological stress was measured using the allostatic load (AL) index, which was formed by analyzing markers from the cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic systems, with Pb levels, assessed using blood lead levels (BLL). The dataset was analyzed with statistical techniques to explore (a) the relationship between Pb exposure and AL, and (b) the combined role of Pb and AL on cardiovascular disease mortality. Results indicated that AL was more elevated in those with BLLs above the 50th percentile in the US population and that those with elevated AL were more likely to have high BLL. Finally, the interaction of AL and BLL significantly increased the likelihood of cardiovascular disease mortality. These findings highlight the need for considering the totality of exposures experienced by populations to build holistic programs to prevent Pb exposure and reduce stressors to promote optimal health outcomes and reduce cardiovascular mortality risk.

Suggested Citation

  • Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi & Alesia C. Ferguson & Katherine A. Stamatakis & Michael A. Province, 2021. "Combined Effect of Lead Exposure and Allostatic Load on Cardiovascular Disease Mortality—A Preliminary Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-9, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:13:p:6879-:d:582984
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Geronimus, A.T. & Hicken, M. & Keene, D. & Bound, J., 2006. ""Weathering" and age patterns of allostatic load scores among blacks and whites in the United States," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 96(5), pages 826-833.
    2. Robert Kaestner & Jay A. Pearson & Danya Keene & Arline T. Geronimus, 2009. "Stress, Allostatic Load, and Health of Mexican Immigrants," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 90(5), pages 1089-1111, December.
    3. Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi & Rodrigo X. Armijos & M. Margaret Weigel & Gabriel M. Filippelli & M. Aaron Sayegh, 2018. "Cardiovascular-Related Outcomes in U.S. Adults Exposed to Lead," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-16, April.
    4. Luisa N Borrell & Elena Rodríguez-Álvarez & Florence J Dallo, 2020. "Racial/ethnic inequities in the associations of allostatic load with all-cause and cardiovascular-specific mortality risk in U.S. adults," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(2), pages 1-14, February.
    5. Theppeang, K. & Glass, T.A. & Bandeen-Roche, K. & Todd, A.C. & Rohde, C.A. & Schwartz, B.S., 2008. "Gender and race/ethnicity differences in lead dose biomarkers," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 98(7), pages 1248-1255.
    6. Amani Babekir & Sayed Mostafa & Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi, 2021. "The Association of Toxoplasma gondii IgG and Cardiovascular Biomarkers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-16, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Adejoke Christianah Olufemi & Andile Mji & Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola, 2022. "Potential Health Risks of Lead Exposure from Early Life through Later Life: Implications for Public Health Education," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-21, November.
    2. Charles R. Rogers & Justin X. Moore & Danielle R. Gilmore & Ethan Petersen & Ellen Brooks & Carson Kennedy & Roland J. Thorpe, 2022. "Investigation of Differences in Allostatic Load among Black Men by Level of Educational Attainment: High School Graduates Experience the Highest Levels of Stress," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-11, March.
    3. Ekaterine Ruadze & Giovanni S. Leonardi & Ayoub Saei & Irma Khonelidze & Lela Sturua & Vladimer Getia & Helen Crabbe & Tim Marczylo & Paolo Lauriola & Amiran Gamkrelidze, 2021. "Reduction in Blood Lead Concentration in Children across the Republic of Georgia following Interventions to Address Widespread Exceedance of Reference Value in 2019," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-11, November.
    4. Denny Agustiningsih & Meida Sofyana & Santosa Budiharjo & Sri Awalia Febriana & Hikmawati Nurokhmanti & Suhartini Suhartini & Dewanto Yusuf Priyambodo & Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih & Roto Roto & Rak, 2021. "Reaction Times among Batik Workers: The Influence of Gender and Occupational Lead Exposure," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-11, November.
    5. Tahir Bashir & Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi, 2022. "The Association between Multiple Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances’ Serum Levels and Allostatic Load," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-12, April.
    6. Giovanni S. Leonardi & Ekaterine Ruadze & Ayoub Saei & Adam Laycock & Simon Chenery & Helen Crabbe & Elizabeth Marchant & Irma Khonelidze & Lela Sturua & Paata Imnadze & Amiran Gamkrelidze & Michael J, 2023. "Identifying Sources of Lead Exposure for Children in the Republic of Georgia, with Lead Isotope Ratios," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(20), pages 1-17, October.

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