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Reaction Times among Batik Workers: The Influence of Gender and Occupational Lead Exposure

Author

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  • Denny Agustiningsih

    (Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Meida Sofyana

    (Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Santosa Budiharjo

    (Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Sri Awalia Febriana

    (Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Hikmawati Nurokhmanti

    (Department of Medical Education and Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Suhartini Suhartini

    (Department of Forensic and Medicolegal, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Dewanto Yusuf Priyambodo

    (Department of Forensic and Medicolegal, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih

    (Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Roto Roto

    (Department of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Rakhmat Ari Wibowo

    (Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

Abstract

(1) Background: Neglected occupational health and safety aspects in batik industries cause their workers to have an increased risk of lead exposure. The effect of occupational lead exposure on neurocognitive performance is inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted an observational study to examine the difference in simple reaction time between lead-exposed batik workers and non-exposed referents. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in seven batik enterprises in Lendah District, Indonesia, excluding workers with medical conditions impairing reaction time. Simple reaction time tests were conducted using an online tool. Two-way model ANCOVAs examined interactions between gender and job types on the mean differences in reaction time. (3) Results: After controlling for age and body mass index, we observed longer reaction times among lead-exposed batik workers than non-exposed referents with an adjusted mean difference of 0.19 (95% CI: 0.016–0.368) seconds. A more prominent detrimental effect of lead exposure on reaction time among female workers than among male workers was observed. (4) Conclusions: Our results suggest that occupational lead exposure could contribute to longer reaction time, notably among female workers. Thus, occupational health and safety precautions are vital to protect batik workers and preserve their important contributions to cultural heritage.

Suggested Citation

  • Denny Agustiningsih & Meida Sofyana & Santosa Budiharjo & Sri Awalia Febriana & Hikmawati Nurokhmanti & Suhartini Suhartini & Dewanto Yusuf Priyambodo & Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih & Roto Roto & Rak, 2021. "Reaction Times among Batik Workers: The Influence of Gender and Occupational Lead Exposure," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-11, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:23:p:12605-:d:691358
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi & Alesia C. Ferguson & Katherine A. Stamatakis & Michael A. Province, 2021. "Combined Effect of Lead Exposure and Allostatic Load on Cardiovascular Disease Mortality—A Preliminary Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-9, June.
    2. David F. Hultsch & Stuart W. S. MacDonald & Roger A. Dixon, 2002. "Variability in Reaction Time Performance of Younger and Older Adults," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 57(2), pages 101-115.
    3. M M Lauridsen & S Mikkelsen & T Svensson & J Holm & C Klüver & J Gram & H Vilstrup & O B Schaffalitzky de Muckadell, 2017. "The continuous reaction time test for minimal hepatic encephalopathy validated by a randomized controlled multi-modal intervention—A pilot study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(10), pages 1-13, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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