IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i23p12605-d691358.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Reaction Times among Batik Workers: The Influence of Gender and Occupational Lead Exposure

Author

Listed:
  • Denny Agustiningsih

    (Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Meida Sofyana

    (Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Santosa Budiharjo

    (Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Sri Awalia Febriana

    (Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Hikmawati Nurokhmanti

    (Department of Medical Education and Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Suhartini Suhartini

    (Department of Forensic and Medicolegal, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Dewanto Yusuf Priyambodo

    (Department of Forensic and Medicolegal, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih

    (Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Roto Roto

    (Department of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Rakhmat Ari Wibowo

    (Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

Abstract

(1) Background: Neglected occupational health and safety aspects in batik industries cause their workers to have an increased risk of lead exposure. The effect of occupational lead exposure on neurocognitive performance is inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted an observational study to examine the difference in simple reaction time between lead-exposed batik workers and non-exposed referents. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in seven batik enterprises in Lendah District, Indonesia, excluding workers with medical conditions impairing reaction time. Simple reaction time tests were conducted using an online tool. Two-way model ANCOVAs examined interactions between gender and job types on the mean differences in reaction time. (3) Results: After controlling for age and body mass index, we observed longer reaction times among lead-exposed batik workers than non-exposed referents with an adjusted mean difference of 0.19 (95% CI: 0.016–0.368) seconds. A more prominent detrimental effect of lead exposure on reaction time among female workers than among male workers was observed. (4) Conclusions: Our results suggest that occupational lead exposure could contribute to longer reaction time, notably among female workers. Thus, occupational health and safety precautions are vital to protect batik workers and preserve their important contributions to cultural heritage.

Suggested Citation

  • Denny Agustiningsih & Meida Sofyana & Santosa Budiharjo & Sri Awalia Febriana & Hikmawati Nurokhmanti & Suhartini Suhartini & Dewanto Yusuf Priyambodo & Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih & Roto Roto & Rak, 2021. "Reaction Times among Batik Workers: The Influence of Gender and Occupational Lead Exposure," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-11, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:23:p:12605-:d:691358
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/23/12605/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/23/12605/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi & Alesia C. Ferguson & Katherine A. Stamatakis & Michael A. Province, 2021. "Combined Effect of Lead Exposure and Allostatic Load on Cardiovascular Disease Mortality—A Preliminary Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-9, June.
    2. David F. Hultsch & Stuart W. S. MacDonald & Roger A. Dixon, 2002. "Variability in Reaction Time Performance of Younger and Older Adults," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 57(2), pages 101-115.
    3. M M Lauridsen & S Mikkelsen & T Svensson & J Holm & C Klüver & J Gram & H Vilstrup & O B Schaffalitzky de Muckadell, 2017. "The continuous reaction time test for minimal hepatic encephalopathy validated by a randomized controlled multi-modal intervention—A pilot study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(10), pages 1-13, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Schulz-Zhecheva, Y. & Voelkle, M.C. & Biscaldi, M. & Beauducel, A. & Klein, C., 2024. "On the relationships between processing speed, intra-subject variability, working memory, and fluid intelligence – A cross-sectional study," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
    2. Elena Ioana Iconaru & Manuela Mihaela Ciucurel & Luminita Georgescu & Mariana Tudor & Constantin Ciucurel, 2021. "The Applicability of the Poincaré Plot in the Analysis of Variability of Reaction Time during Serial Testing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-13, April.
    3. Emma Green & Meredith A. Shafto & Fiona E. Matthews & Cam-CAN & Simon R. White, 2015. "Adult Lifespan Cognitive Variability in the Cross-Sectional Cam-CAN Cohort," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-15, December.
    4. Adejoke Christianah Olufemi & Andile Mji & Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola, 2022. "Potential Health Risks of Lead Exposure from Early Life through Later Life: Implications for Public Health Education," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-21, November.
    5. Giovanni S. Leonardi & Ekaterine Ruadze & Ayoub Saei & Adam Laycock & Simon Chenery & Helen Crabbe & Elizabeth Marchant & Irma Khonelidze & Lela Sturua & Paata Imnadze & Amiran Gamkrelidze & Michael J, 2023. "Identifying Sources of Lead Exposure for Children in the Republic of Georgia, with Lead Isotope Ratios," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(20), pages 1-17, October.
    6. Dominika Dykiert & Geoff Der & John M Starr & Ian J Deary, 2012. "Age Differences in Intra-Individual Variability in Simple and Choice Reaction Time: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(10), pages 1-23, October.
    7. Charles R. Rogers & Justin X. Moore & Danielle R. Gilmore & Ethan Petersen & Ellen Brooks & Carson Kennedy & Roland J. Thorpe, 2022. "Investigation of Differences in Allostatic Load among Black Men by Level of Educational Attainment: High School Graduates Experience the Highest Levels of Stress," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-11, March.
    8. Tahir Bashir & Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi, 2022. "The Association between Multiple Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances’ Serum Levels and Allostatic Load," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-12, April.
    9. Ekaterine Ruadze & Giovanni S. Leonardi & Ayoub Saei & Irma Khonelidze & Lela Sturua & Vladimer Getia & Helen Crabbe & Tim Marczylo & Paolo Lauriola & Amiran Gamkrelidze, 2021. "Reduction in Blood Lead Concentration in Children across the Republic of Georgia following Interventions to Address Widespread Exceedance of Reference Value in 2019," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-11, November.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:23:p:12605-:d:691358. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.