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The Association between Multiple Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances’ Serum Levels and Allostatic Load

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  • Tahir Bashir

    (Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
    Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

  • Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi

    (Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
    Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

Abstract

Background/Objective : This study aimed to explore the association between allostatic load (AL), an index of chronic stress, with nine per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), a group of organic compounds used in commercial and industrial applications. The PFASs explored were perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHS), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDE), perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHP), perflurododecanoic acid (PFDO), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). This study was performed to better understand the association between PFASs and AL, which may be a mediator of several diseases. Methods : This study was performed on adults aged 20 and older, using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2014 data. AL was calculated as a cumulative index of ten biomarkers from the cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic system, which was dichotomized into high risk (assigned a value of 1) or low risk (assigned a value 0) depending on if the index value was ≥3 (chronic physiological stress) or <3 (less stressed). In this study, PFASs and covariates such as age, gender, ethnicity, alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical activity were explored using descriptive statistics and logistic regression modeling. Results : The results indicated that in adults, AL was more elevated in men as compared to women, in those aged ≥60 years, and varied by ethnicity. For instance, non-Hispanic Blacks had higher AL levels (mean of 3.92) compared to other ethnicities. A significant number of the participants tested for PFBS, PFHP, PFDO were below the LOD and thus these PFASs were excluded from the analysis. Our analysis demonstrated multicollinearities between variables such as PFNA, PFOS, and PFOA with variance inflation factor (VIF) values of 6.197, 6.212, and 5.139, respectively. Thus, PFASs were analyzed individually and adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The results indicated a statistically significant positive association between AL and most of the PFASs, except PFUA which was not statistically significant with a p value of 0.531. Conclusions : The findings of this study suggest that exposure to PFDE, PFNA, PFOS, PFOA, and PFHS are associated with AL when adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical activity. Future studies looking to model the effects of these factors together must consider their relationship with each other and choose different analytical approaches.

Suggested Citation

  • Tahir Bashir & Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi, 2022. "The Association between Multiple Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances’ Serum Levels and Allostatic Load," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-12, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:9:p:5455-:d:805948
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Robert Kaestner & Jay A. Pearson & Danya Keene & Arline T. Geronimus, 2009. "Stress, Allostatic Load, and Health of Mexican Immigrants," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 90(5), pages 1089-1111, December.
    2. Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi & Alesia C. Ferguson & Katherine A. Stamatakis & Michael A. Province, 2021. "Combined Effect of Lead Exposure and Allostatic Load on Cardiovascular Disease Mortality—A Preliminary Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-9, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Nilisha Khadgi Sonnenberg & Akinloye Emmanuel Ojewole & Catherine Oluwalopeye Ojewole & Otite Precious Lucky & Joseph Kusi, 2023. "Trends in Serum Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Concentrations in Teenagers and Adults, 1999–2018 NHANES," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(21), pages 1-14, October.
    2. Tahir Bashir & Fafanyo Asiseh & Kenrett Jefferson-Moore & Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi, 2022. "The Association of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Serum Levels and Allostatic Load by Country of Birth and the Length of Time in the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-11, August.
    3. Geraldo A. Maranhao Neto & Anna Bartoskova Polcrova & Anna Pospisilova & Ludek Blaha & Jana Klanova & Martin Bobak & Juan P. Gonzalez-Rivas, 2022. "Associations between Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Adults of Czechia: The Kardiovize Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-10, October.
    4. Tahir Bashir & Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi, 2023. "Combined Effects of Multiple Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Exposure on Allostatic Load Using Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(10), pages 1-22, May.

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