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Chronic and Acute Toxicities of Aflatoxins: Mechanisms of Action

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  • Noreddine Benkerroum

    (Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry MacDonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
    Retired.)

Abstract

There are presently more than 18 known aflatoxins most of which have been insufficiently studied for their incidence, health-risk, and mechanisms of toxicity to allow effective intervention and control means that would significantly and sustainably reduce their incidence and adverse effects on health and economy. Among these, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been by far the most studied; yet, many aspects of the range and mechanisms of the diseases it causes remain to be elucidated. Its mutagenicity, tumorigenicity, and carcinogenicity—which are the best known—still suffer from limitations regarding the relative contribution of the oxidative stress and the reactive epoxide derivative (Aflatoxin-exo 8,9-epoxide) in the induction of the diseases, as well as its metabolic and synthesis pathways. Additionally, despite the well-established additive effects for carcinogenicity between AFB1 and other risk factors, e.g., hepatitis viruses B and C, and the hepatotoxic algal microcystins, the mechanisms of this synergy remain unclear. This study reviews the most recent advances in the field of the mechanisms of toxicity of aflatoxins and the adverse health effects that they cause in humans and animals.

Suggested Citation

  • Noreddine Benkerroum, 2020. "Chronic and Acute Toxicities of Aflatoxins: Mechanisms of Action," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-28, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:2:p:423-:d:306452
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Siwanon Jirawatnotai & Yiduo Hu & Wojciech Michowski & Joshua E. Elias & Lisa Becks & Frederic Bienvenu & Agnieszka Zagozdzon & Tapasree Goswami & Yaoyu E. Wang & Alan B. Clark & Thomas A. Kunkel & Ta, 2011. "A function for cyclin D1 in DNA repair uncovered by protein interactome analyses in human cancers," Nature, Nature, vol. 474(7350), pages 230-234, June.
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    3. Xi Peng & Shiping Bai & Xuemei Ding & Keying Zhang, 2017. "Pathological Impairment, Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis of Thymus and Bursa of Fabricius Induced by Aflatoxin-Contaminated Corn in Broilers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-11, January.
    4. Fengyuan Wang & Gang Shu & Xi Peng & Jing Fang & Kejie Chen & Hengmin Cui & Zhengli Chen & Zhicai Zuo & Junliang Deng & Yi Geng & Weimin Lai, 2013. "Protective Effects of Sodium Selenite against Aflatoxin B 1 -Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Broiler Spleen," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-11, July.
    5. Noreddine Benkerroum, 2019. "Retrospective and Prospective Look at Aflatoxin Research and Development from a Practical Standpoint," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-47, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Noreddine Benkerroum & Amir Ismail, 2022. "Human Breast Milk Contamination with Aflatoxins, Impact on Children’s Health, and Possible Control Means: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-34, December.
    2. Noreddine Benkerroum, 2020. "Aflatoxins: Producing-Molds, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-40, February.
    3. Magdalena Ratajczak & Dorota Kaminska & Agata Światły-Błaszkiewicz & Jan Matysiak, 2020. "Quality of Dietary Supplements Containing Plant-Derived Ingredients Reconsidered by Microbiological Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-19, September.
    4. Licia Pantano & Ladislao La Scala & Francesco Olibrio & Francesco Giuseppe Galluzzo & Carmelo Bongiorno & Maria Drussilla Buscemi & Andrea Macaluso & Antonio Vella, 2021. "QuEChERS LC–MS/MS Screening Method for Mycotoxin Detection in Cereal Products and Spices," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-17, April.
    5. Aqib Javed & Iqra Naeem & Noreddine Benkerroum & Muhammad Riaz & Saeed Akhtar & Amir Ismail & Muhammad Sajid & Muhammad Tayyab Khan & Zubair Ismail, 2021. "Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxins through Intake of Eastern Herbal Medicines Collected from Four Districts of Southern Punjab—Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-21, September.
    6. Oluwakemi A. Rotimi & Chinonye D. Onuzulu & Alisa L. Dewald & Jessa Ehlinger & Isaacson B. Adelani & Olutola E. Olasehinde & Solomon O. Rotimi & Jaclyn M. Goodrich, 2021. "Early Life Exposure to Aflatoxin B1 in Rats: Alterations in Lipids, Hormones, and DNA Methylation among the Offspring," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-15, January.
    7. Fulvio Ferri & Carlo Brera & Barbara De Santis & Giorgia Collini & Enrica Crespi & Francesca Debegnach & Angelo Gargano & Daniela Gattei & Ines Magnani & Pamela Mancuso & Stefania Mozzanica & Elvira T, 2020. "Association between Urinary Levels of Aflatoxin and Consumption of Food Linked to Maize or Cow Milk or Dairy Products," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-13, April.

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