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Maternal Exposure to Disinfection By-Products and Risk of Hypospadias in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (2000–2005)

Author

Listed:
  • Ibrahim Zaganjor

    (Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA)

  • Thomas J. Luben

    (Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA)

  • Tania A. Desrosiers

    (Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA)

  • Alexander P. Keil

    (Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA)

  • Lawrence S. Engel

    (Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA)

  • Adrian M. Michalski

    (New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Albany, NY 12237, USA)

  • Suzan L. Carmichael

    (Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA)

  • Wendy N. Nembhard

    (Arkansas Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention, Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA)

  • Gary M. Shaw

    (Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA)

  • Jennita Reefhuis

    (National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
    Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

  • Mahsa M. Yazdy

    (Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02108, USA)

  • Peter H. Langlois

    (Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Austin, TX 78701, USA)

  • Marcia L. Feldkamp

    (Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA)

  • Paul A. Romitti

    (Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA)

  • Andrew F. Olshan

    (Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA)

  • The National Birth Defects Prevention Study

    (The National Birth Defects Prevention Study is mentioned in acknowledgements.)

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to estimate the association between 2nd and 3rd degree hypospadias and maternal exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) using data from a large case-control study in the United States. Concentration estimates for total trihalomethanes (TTHMs), the sum of the five most prevalent haloacetic acids (HAA5), and individual species of each were integrated with data on maternal behaviors related to water-use from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) to create three different exposure metrics: (1) household DBP concentrations; (2) estimates of DBP ingestion; (3) predicted uptake (i.e., internal dose) of trihalomethanes (THMs) via ingestion, showering, and bathing. The distribution of DBP exposure was categorized as follows: (Q1/referent) < 50%; (Q2) ≥ 50% to < 75%; and (Q3) ≥ 75%. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Generally, null associations were observed with increasing TTHM or HAA5 exposure. An increased risk was observed among women with household bromodichloromethane levels in the second quantile (aOR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2, 2.7); however, this association did not persist after the inclusion of individual-level water-use data. Findings from the present study do not support the hypothesis that maternal DBP exposures are related to the occurrence of hypospadias.

Suggested Citation

  • Ibrahim Zaganjor & Thomas J. Luben & Tania A. Desrosiers & Alexander P. Keil & Lawrence S. Engel & Adrian M. Michalski & Suzan L. Carmichael & Wendy N. Nembhard & Gary M. Shaw & Jennita Reefhuis & Mah, 2020. "Maternal Exposure to Disinfection By-Products and Risk of Hypospadias in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (2000–2005)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-16, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:24:p:9564-:d:465717
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Shahid Parvez & Kali Frost & Madhura Sundararajan, 2017. "Evaluation of Drinking Water Disinfectant Byproducts Compliance Data as an Indirect Measure for Short-Term Exposure in Humans," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-16, May.
    2. Mary H. Ward & Rena R. Jones & Jean D. Brender & Theo M. De Kok & Peter J. Weyer & Bernard T. Nolan & Cristina M. Villanueva & Simone G. Van Breda, 2018. "Drinking Water Nitrate and Human Health: An Updated Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-31, July.
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