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Evaluation of Drinking Water Disinfectant Byproducts Compliance Data as an Indirect Measure for Short-Term Exposure in Humans

Author

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  • Shahid Parvez

    (Department of Environmental Health Science, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA)

  • Kali Frost

    (Department of Environmental Health Science, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA)

  • Madhura Sundararajan

    (Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA)

Abstract

In the absence of shorter term disinfectant byproducts (DBPs) data on regulated Trihalomethanes (THMs) and Haloacetic acids (HAAs), epidemiologists and risk assessors have used long-term annual compliance (LRAA) or quarterly (QA) data to evaluate the association between DBP exposure and adverse birth outcomes, which resulted in inconclusive findings. Therefore, we evaluated the reliability of using long-term LRAA and QA data as an indirect measure for short-term exposure. Short-term residential tap water samples were collected in peak DBP months (May–August) in a community water system with five separate treatment stations and were sourced from surface or groundwater. Samples were analyzed for THMs and HAAs per the EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) standard methods (524.2 and 552.2). The measured levels of total THMs and HAAs were compared temporally and spatially with LRAA and QA data, which showed significant differences ( p < 0.05). Most samples from surface water stations showed higher levels than LRAA or QA. Significant numbers of samples in surface water stations exceeded regulatory permissible limits: 27% had excessive THMs and 35% had excessive HAAs. Trichloromethane, trichloroacetic acid, and dichloroacetic acid were the major drivers of variability. This study suggests that LRAA and QA data are not good proxies of short-term exposure. Further investigation is needed to determine if other drinking water systems show consistent findings for improved regulation.

Suggested Citation

  • Shahid Parvez & Kali Frost & Madhura Sundararajan, 2017. "Evaluation of Drinking Water Disinfectant Byproducts Compliance Data as an Indirect Measure for Short-Term Exposure in Humans," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-16, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:5:p:548-:d:99263
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Doyle, T.J. & Zheng, W. & Cerhan, J.R. & Hong, C.-P. & Sellers, T.A. & Kushi, L.H. & Folsam, A.R., 1997. "The association of drinking water source and chlorination by-products with cancer incidence among postmenopausal women in Iowa: A prospective cohort study," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 87(7), pages 1168-1176.
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    Cited by:

    1. Shahid Parvez & Jeffrey L. Ashby & Susana Y. Kimura & Susan D. Richardson, 2019. "Exposure Characterization of Haloacetic Acids in Humans for Exposure and Risk Assessment Applications: An Exploratory Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-15, February.
    2. Ibrahim Zaganjor & Thomas J. Luben & Tania A. Desrosiers & Alexander P. Keil & Lawrence S. Engel & Adrian M. Michalski & Suzan L. Carmichael & Wendy N. Nembhard & Gary M. Shaw & Jennita Reefhuis & Mah, 2020. "Maternal Exposure to Disinfection By-Products and Risk of Hypospadias in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (2000–2005)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-16, December.

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