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Evolution of Urban Haze in Greater Bangkok and Association with Local Meteorological and Synoptic Characteristics during Two Recent Haze Episodes

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  • Nishit Aman

    (The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
    Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10140, Thailand)

  • Kasemsan Manomaiphiboon

    (The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
    Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10140, Thailand)

  • Natchanok Pala-En

    (Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok 10400, Thailand)

  • Eakkachai Kokkaew

    (The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
    Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10140, Thailand)

  • Tassana Boonyoo

    (Traffic and Transport Development and Research Center, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand)

  • Suchart Pattaramunikul

    (Traffic and Transport Development and Research Center, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand)

  • Bikash Devkota

    (The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
    Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10140, Thailand)

  • Chakrit Chotamonsak

    (Department of Geography, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand)

Abstract

This present work investigates several local and synoptic meteorological aspects associated with two wintertime haze episodes in Greater Bangkok using observational data, covering synoptic patterns evolution, day-to-day and diurnal variation, dynamic stability, temperature inversion, and back-trajectories. The episodes include an elevated haze event of 16 days (14–29 January 2015) for the first episode and 8 days (19–26 December 2017) for the second episode, together with some days before and after the haze event. Daily PM 2.5 was found to be 50 µg m −3 or higher over most of the days during both haze events. These haze events commonly have cold surges as the background synoptic feature to initiate or trigger haze evolution. A cold surge reached the study area before the start of each haze event, causing temperature and relative humidity to drop abruptly initially but then gradually increased as the cold surge weakened or dissipated. Wind speed was relatively high when the cold surge was active. Global radiation was generally modulated by cloud cover, which turns relatively high during each haze event because cold surge induces less cloud. Daytime dynamic stability was generally unstable along the course of each haze event, except being stable at the ending of the second haze event due to a tropical depression. In each haze event, low-level temperature inversion existed, with multiple layers seen in the beginning, effectively suppressing atmospheric dilution. Large-scale subsidence inversion aloft was also persistently present. In both episodes, PM 2.5 showed stronger diurnality during the time of elevated haze, as compared to the pre- and post-haze periods. During the first episode, an apparent contrast of PM 2.5 diurnality was seen between the first and second parts of the haze event with relatively low afternoon PM 2.5 over its first part, but relatively high afternoon PM 2.5 over its second part, possibly due to the role of secondary aerosols. PM 2.5 /PM 10 ratio was relatively lower in the first episode because of more impact of biomass burning, which was in general agreement with back-trajectories and active fire hotspots. The second haze event, with little biomass burning in the region, was likely to be caused mainly by local anthropogenic emissions. These findings suggest a need for haze-related policymaking with an integrated approach that accounts for all important emission sectors for both particulate and gaseous precursors of secondary aerosols. Given that cold surges induce an abrupt change in local meteorology, the time window to apply control measures for haze is limited, emphasizing the need for readiness in mitigation responses and early public warning.

Suggested Citation

  • Nishit Aman & Kasemsan Manomaiphiboon & Natchanok Pala-En & Eakkachai Kokkaew & Tassana Boonyoo & Suchart Pattaramunikul & Bikash Devkota & Chakrit Chotamonsak, 2020. "Evolution of Urban Haze in Greater Bangkok and Association with Local Meteorological and Synoptic Characteristics during Two Recent Haze Episodes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-18, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:24:p:9499-:d:464436
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Nishit Aman & Kasemsan Manomaiphiboon & Natchanok Pala-En & Bikash Devkota & Muanfun Inerb & Eakkachai Kokkaew, 2023. "A Study of Urban Haze and Its Association with Cold Surge and Sea Breeze for Greater Bangkok," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-19, February.

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