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Outpatient Department Visits and Mortality with Various Causes Attributable to Ambient Air Pollution in the Eastern Economic Corridor of Thailand

Author

Listed:
  • Khanut Thongphunchung

    (Health Impact Assessment Division, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand)

  • Panita Charoensuk

    (Health Impact Assessment Division, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand)

  • Sutida U-tapan

    (Health Impact Assessment Division, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand)

  • Wassana Loonsamrong

    (Health Impact Assessment Division, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand)

  • Arthit Phosri

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
    Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Bangkok 10400, Thailand)

  • Wiriya Mahikul

    (Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand)

Abstract

The Eastern Economic Corridor in Thailand is undergoing development, but industrial activities are causing serious air pollution. This study aimed to examine the effects of particulate matter (PM 10 ), fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), SO 2 , NO 2 , O 3 , and CO on outpatient department (OPD) visits and mortality with various causes in the Eastern Economic Corridor, Thailand between 2013 and 2019 using a case-crossover design and conditional Poisson model. The corresponding burden of disease due to air pollution exposure was calculated. A 1 µg/m 3 increase in the PM 10 was associated with significant increases in OPD visits for circulatory diseases (0.22, 95% CI 0.01, 0.34), respiratory diseases (0.21, 95% CI 0.13, 0.28), and skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases (0.18, 95% CI 0.10, 0.26). By contrast, a 1 µg/m 3 increase in the PM 10 was associated with significant increases in mortality from skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases (0.79, 95% CI 0.04, 1.56). A 1 µg/m 3 increase in PM 2.5 was associated with significant increases in mortality from circulatory diseases (0.75, 95% CI 0.20, 1.34), respiratory diseases (0.82, 95% CI 0.02, 1.63), and skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases (2.91, 95% CI 0.99, 4.86). The highest OPD burden was for circulatory diseases. Respiratory effects were attributed to PM 10 exceeding the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) of Thailand (120 μg/m 3 ). The highest morbidity burden was for skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases attributed to PM 2.5 concentrations that exceeded the NAAQs (50 μg/m 3 ). PM pollution in the EEC could strongly contribute to OPD visits and morbidity from various diseases. Preventing PM 10 concentrations from being higher than 60 µg/m 3 could decrease OPD visits by more than 33,265 and 29,813 for circulatory and respiratory diseases, respectively. Our study suggests that such pollution increases the risks of OPD visits and mortality in various causes in the Thai EEC. Reducing the ambient air pollution concentration of NAAQSs in Thailand could reduce the health effect on the Thai population.

Suggested Citation

  • Khanut Thongphunchung & Panita Charoensuk & Sutida U-tapan & Wassana Loonsamrong & Arthit Phosri & Wiriya Mahikul, 2022. "Outpatient Department Visits and Mortality with Various Causes Attributable to Ambient Air Pollution in the Eastern Economic Corridor of Thailand," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-20, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:13:p:7683-:d:845913
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Nij Tontisirin & Sutee Anantsuksomsri, 2021. "Economic Development Policies and Land Use Changes in Thailand: From the Eastern Seaboard to the Eastern Economic Corridor," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-20, May.
    2. Narita, Daiju & Oanh, Nguyen Thi Kim & Sato, Keiichi & Huo, Mingqun & Permadi, Didin Agustian & Chi, Nguyen Nhat Ha & Ratanajaratroj, Tanatat & Pawarmart, Ittipol, 2019. "Pollution Characteristics and Policy Actions on Fine Particulate Matter in a Growing Asian Economy: The Case of Bangkok Metropolitan Region," Open Access Publications from Kiel Institute for the World Economy 231375, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    3. Min Jiang & Euijune Kim & Youngjin Woo, 2020. "The Relationship between Economic Growth and Air Pollution—A Regional Comparison between China and South Korea," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-20, April.
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