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It Takes Time to Unravel the Ecology of War in Gaza, Palestine: Long-Term Changes in Maternal, Newborn and Toddlers’ Heavy Metal Loads, and Infant and Toddler Developmental Milestones in the Aftermath of the 2014 Military Attacks

Author

Listed:
  • Nabil al Baraquoni

    (Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine)

  • Samir R. Qouta

    (Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Al Tarfa Street, Zone 70, Doha, P.O. Box 200592, Qatar)

  • Mervi Vänskä

    (Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland)

  • Safwat Y. Diab

    (Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland)

  • Raija-Leena Punamäki

    (Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland)

  • Paola Manduca

    (Association for Scientific Research, Nwrg-onlus, 16123 Genova, Italy)

Abstract

Toxicant, teratogen and carcinogen metal war remnants negatively affect human health. The current study analyzes, first, the persistence of heavy metal contamination in newborn hair in four cohorts across time in Gaza Palestine; second, the change in mothers’ and infants’ heavy metal contamination from birth to toddlerhood; and third, the impact of heavy metal contamination on infants’ and toddlers’ growth and development. The hair of newborns was analyzed for twelve heavy metals by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP/MS) in cohorts recruited at delivery in 2011, 2015, 2016, and 2018–2019. In the 2015 cohort, mothers’ hair samples were taken at delivery, and toddlers and mothers hair were also analyzed 18 months later. Growth levels of infants at six months and toddlers at 18 months were assessed according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards according to a mother report and pediatric check-up, respectively. 1. The level of metal contamination in utero was persistently high across 8 years, 2011, 2015, 2016, 2019, following three major military attacks (2009, 2012, 2014). 2. The 2015 cohort babies exposed in utero to attacks in 2014 at six months showed association of high load at birth in mother of arsenic and in newborn of barium with underweight, of barium and molybdenum in newborn with stunting. 3. Eighteen months after birth, toddlers had a higher level of metals in hairs than when they were born, while, in their mothers, such levels were similar to those at delivery, confirming persistence in the environment of war remnants. Underweight and stunting, both in infants and toddlers, were higher than reported for previous years, as well as being progressive within the cohort. Severe environmental factors, metal contamination and food insecurity put Gaza’s infant health at risk.

Suggested Citation

  • Nabil al Baraquoni & Samir R. Qouta & Mervi Vänskä & Safwat Y. Diab & Raija-Leena Punamäki & Paola Manduca, 2020. "It Takes Time to Unravel the Ecology of War in Gaza, Palestine: Long-Term Changes in Maternal, Newborn and Toddlers’ Heavy Metal Loads, and Infant and Toddler Developmental Milestones in the Aftermath," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-18, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:18:p:6698-:d:413550
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kyi Mar Wai & Ohn Mar & Satoko Kosaka & Mitsutoshi Umemura & Chiho Watanabe, 2017. "Prenatal Heavy Metal Exposure and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Myanmar: A Birth-Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-13, November.
    2. Awny Naim & Hedaya Al Dalies & Mohammed El Balawi & Eman Salem & Kholud Al Meziny & Raneem Al Shawwa & Roberto Minutolo & Paola Manduca, 2012. "Birth Defects in Gaza: Prevalence, Types, Familiarity and Correlation with Environmental Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 9(5), pages 1-16, May.
    3. Paola Manduca & Awny Naim & Simona Signoriello, 2014. "Specific Association of Teratogen and Toxicant Metals in Hair of Newborns with Congenital Birth Defects or Developmentally Premature Birth in a Cohort of Couples with Documented Parental Exposure to M," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-16, May.
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