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E-Liquid Flavor Preferences and Individual Factors Related to Vaping: A Survey among Dutch Never-Users, Smokers, Dual Users, and Exclusive Vapers

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  • Kim AGJ Romijnders

    (Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
    Department of Health Promotion, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands)

  • Erna JZ Krüsemann

    (Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
    Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands)

  • Sanne Boesveldt

    (Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands)

  • Kees de Graaf

    (Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands)

  • Hein de Vries

    (Department of Health Promotion, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands)

  • Reinskje Talhout

    (Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands)

Abstract

Appealing product characteristics, such as flavors, may stimulate e-cigarette use. While switching to e-cigarettes may reduce harm for smokers, concerns exist about e-cigarette use among never-smokers. The role of flavors in the decision to switch to or refrain from vaping is unclear. This study used a bottom–up approach to investigate the relation between flavor preferences and individual factors related to vaping between various user groups. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among never-users ( n = 407), smokers ( n = 138), dual users ( n = 122), and exclusive vapers ( n = 61) in the Netherlands. Demographics, attractiveness of product characteristics, flavor preferences, and individual factors related to vaping (knowledge, trust, perceived susceptibility, attitude, social influence, deliberation, and intention) were assessed. The availability of different flavors was the most attractive characteristic of e-cigarettes. Dual users and exclusive vapers had most often used tobacco and menthol/mint flavors when they first started vaping. Compared to dual users, exclusive vapers currently used more fruit and sweet flavors. Never-users who were interested in trying an e-liquid flavor had more knowledge about and a more positive attitude towards e-cigarettes. Smokers who were interested in trying a flavor had a more positive attitude towards e-cigarettes and experienced the social influence towards not using e-cigarettes as less strong than those who did not want to try any flavor. Hence, individual factors related to vaping differed depending on whether never-users and smokers wanted to try an e-liquid flavor. This means that flavors may moderate differences found in individual factors related to vaping, or vice versa.

Suggested Citation

  • Kim AGJ Romijnders & Erna JZ Krüsemann & Sanne Boesveldt & Kees de Graaf & Hein de Vries & Reinskje Talhout, 2019. "E-Liquid Flavor Preferences and Individual Factors Related to Vaping: A Survey among Dutch Never-Users, Smokers, Dual Users, and Exclusive Vapers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-15, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:23:p:4661-:d:290027
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    8. Kim A.G.J. Romijnders & Jeroen L.A. Pennings & Liesbeth van Osch & Hein de Vries & Reinskje Talhout, 2019. "A Combination of Factors Related to Smoking Behavior, Attractive Product Characteristics, and Socio-Cognitive Factors are Important to Distinguish a Dual User from an Exclusive E-Cigarette User," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-12, October.
    9. Kim A.G.J. Romijnders & Liesbeth van Osch & Hein de Vries & Reinskje Talhout, 2019. "A Deliberate Choice? Exploring the Decision to Switch from Cigarettes to E-Cigarettes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-11, February.
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    Cited by:

    1. Brian L. Rostron & Joanne T. Chang & Cindy M. Chang & Rebecca A. Jackson & Bridget K. Ambrose, 2020. "ENDS Flavor Preference by Menthol Cigarette Smoking Status among US Adults, 2018–2019," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-8, December.
    2. Shaoying Ma & Zefeng Qiu & Qian Yang & John F. P. Bridges & Jian Chen & Ce Shang, 2022. "Expanding the E-Liquid Flavor Wheel: Classification of Emerging E-Liquid Flavors in Online Vape Shops," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-14, October.
    3. Mohammed M. Alqahtani & Zachary B. Massey & Robert T. Fairman & Victoria Churchill & David L. Ashley & Lucy Popova, 2022. "General and Device-Specific Reasons for ENDS Use: A Qualitative Study with Adult ENDS Users," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-14, June.
    4. Eline K. Nanninga & Stella Weiland & Marjolein Y. Berger & Esther I. Feijen-de Jong & Jan Jaap H. M. Erwich & Lilian L. Peters, 2023. "Adverse Maternal and Infant Outcomes of Women Who Differ in Smoking Status: E-Cigarette and Tobacco Cigarette Users," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-10, February.

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