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Impact on Physical Fitness of the Chinese CHAMPS: A Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial

Author

Listed:
  • Zhixiong Zhou

    (Institute for Sport Performance and Health Promotion, Capital University of Sports and Physical Education, Beijing 100191, China)

  • Shiyu Li

    (Department of Kinesiology, Health and Nutrition, the University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA)

  • Jun Yin

    (Institute for Sport Performance and Health Promotion, Capital University of Sports and Physical Education, Beijing 100191, China)

  • Quan Fu

    (Institute for Sport Performance and Health Promotion, Capital University of Sports and Physical Education, Beijing 100191, China)

  • Hong Ren

    (School of Sport Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 10089, China)

  • Tao Jin

    (College of Physical Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China)

  • Jiahua Zhu

    (College of Sports Science, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230061, China)

  • Jeffrey Howard

    (Department of Kinesiology, Health and Nutrition, the University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA)

  • Tianwen Lan

    (Institute for Sport Performance and Health Promotion, Capital University of Sports and Physical Education, Beijing 100191, China)

  • Zenong Yin

    (Department of Kinesiology, Health and Nutrition, the University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA)

Abstract

Background: School physical activity (PA) policy, physical education curriculum, teacher training, knowledge of physical fitness, and parental support are among the key issues underlying the declining trend of physical fitness in children and adolescents. The Chinese CHAMPS was a multi-faceted intervention program to maximize the opportunities for moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and increase physical fitness in middle school students. The purpose of the study was to test whether the levels of modification in school physical education policy and curriculum incrementally influenced the changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and other physical fitness outcomes. Methods: This 8-month study was a clustered randomized controlled trial using a 2 × 2 factorial design. The participants were 680 7th grade students (mean age = 12.66 years) enrolled in 12 middle schools that were randomly assigned to one of four treatment conditions: school physical education intervention (SPE), afterschool program intervention (ASP), SPE+ASP, and control. Targeted behaviors of the Chinese CHAMPS were the student’s sedentary behavior and MVPA. The study outcomes were assessed by a test battery of physical fitness at the baseline and posttest. Sedentary behavior and MVPA were measured in randomly selected students using observations and accelerometry. Results: The terms contrasting the pooled effect of SPE, ASP, and SPE+ASP vs. Control, the pooled effect of SPE and SPE+ASP vs. ASP only, and the effect of SPE+ASP vs. ASP on CRF and other physical fitness outcomes were all significant after adjusting for covariates, supporting the study hypothesis. Process evaluation demonstrated high fidelity of the intervention in the targeted students’ behaviors. Conclusions: Chinese CHAMPS demonstrated the impact of varying the amount of MVPA and vigorous physical activity (VPA) on the physical fitness in middle school students in support of the need to increase the opportunity for PA in schools and to introduce high-intensity exercises in school-based PA programs. Modification of school policy, quality of physical education curriculum, and teacher training were important moderators of the improvement in physical fitness. (Trial registration: ChiCTR-IOR-14005388, the Childhood Health; Activity and Motor Performance Study).

Suggested Citation

  • Zhixiong Zhou & Shiyu Li & Jun Yin & Quan Fu & Hong Ren & Tao Jin & Jiahua Zhu & Jeffrey Howard & Tianwen Lan & Zenong Yin, 2019. "Impact on Physical Fitness of the Chinese CHAMPS: A Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-21, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:22:p:4412-:d:285810
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zhixiong Zhou & Shanshan Dong & Jun Yin & Quan Fu & Hong Ren & Zenong Yin, 2018. "Improving Physical Fitness and Cognitive Functions in Middle School Students: Study Protocol for the Chinese Childhood Health, Activity and Motor Performance Study (Chinese CHAMPS)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-15, May.
    2. Wendy Lippevelde & Maïté Verloigne & Ilse Bourdeaudhuij & Johannes Brug & Mona Bjelland & Nanna Lien & Lea Maes, 2012. "Does parental involvement make a difference in school-based nutrition and physical activity interventions? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 57(4), pages 673-678, August.
    3. Kai-Yang Lo & Min-Chen Wu & Shu-Chin Tung & City C. Hsieh & Hsueh-Hua Yao & Chien-Chang Ho, 2017. "Association of School Environment and After-School Physical Activity with Health-Related Physical Fitness among Junior High School Students in Taiwan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-10, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Longxi Li & Michelle E. Moosbrugger, 2021. "Correlations between Physical Activity Participation and the Environment in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Using Ecological Frameworks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-21, August.

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