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Biomonitoring and Subsequent Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Phthalates in Iranian Children and Adolescents

Author

Listed:
  • Maryam Zare Jeddi

    (Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands)

  • Mohamad Eshaghi Gorji

    (Food Safety and Hygiene Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6559, Iran)

  • Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens

    (Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands)

  • Jochem Louisse

    (Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
    RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands)

  • Yuri Bruinen de Bruin

    (DG Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Directorate E—Space, Security and Migration, Knowledge for Security and Migration Unit (E.7), TP 450, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy)

  • Roman Liska

    (DG Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Directorate F—Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit (F.3), TP 126, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy)

Abstract

This study aimed to estimate the exposure and related health risks of phthalates, and to assess the health risks from combined exposure to three of the phthalates sharing the same mode of action (anti-androgenicity) in children. We determined the internal exposure of 56 Iranian children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years by analyzing seven urinary metabolites of five phthalates. The estimated daily intake values derived from the biomonitoring data ranged from 0.01 µg/kg bw/day for butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), to 17.85 µg/kg bw/day for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The risk assessment revealed that not only the exposure to the individual phthalates, but also the combined exposure to the three anti-androgenic phthalates (DEHP, DBP, BBP) did not raise a safety concern (hazard index values averaged 0.2). The range of maximum cumulative ratio values varied from around 1 for most individuals to around 2 in some individuals, indicating that the combined exposures were dominated by one and in some cases by two of the three anti-androgenic phthalates, especially dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and/or DEHP. Based on biomonitoring data, the overall combined exposure of Iranian children to phthalates does not raise a concern, while reduction of exposure is best focused on DEHP and DBP that showed the highest hazard quotient.

Suggested Citation

  • Maryam Zare Jeddi & Mohamad Eshaghi Gorji & Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens & Jochem Louisse & Yuri Bruinen de Bruin & Roman Liska, 2018. "Biomonitoring and Subsequent Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Phthalates in Iranian Children and Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-22, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:11:p:2336-:d:177677
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gary Ginsberg & Justine Ginsberg & Brenda Foos, 2016. "Approaches to Children’s Exposure Assessment: Case Study with Diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-21, July.
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    4. Marissa N. Smith & Joshua Grice & Alison Cullen & Elaine M. Faustman, 2016. "A Toxicological Framework for the Prioritization of Children’s Safe Product Act Data," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-24, April.
    5. Mary A. Fox & L. Elizabeth Brewer & Lawrence Martin, 2017. "An Overview of Literature Topics Related to Current Concepts, Methods, Tools, and Applications for Cumulative Risk Assessment (2007–2016)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-28, April.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Kingsley Ezechukwu Okpara & Khamphe Phoungthong & Iwekumo Agbozu & Edeh Edwin-Isotu & Kuaanan Techato, 2022. "Phthalate Esters in Tap Water, Southern Thailand: Daily Exposure and Cumulative Health Risk in Infants, Lactating Mothers, Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-19, February.

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