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Identification of Phthalates from Artificial Products in Chinese Kindergarten Classrooms and the Implications for Preschool Children’s Exposure Assessments

Author

Listed:
  • Jiahui Wang

    (School of Urban Construction, Hangzhou Polytechnic, Hangzhou 311402, China)

  • Zefei Xu

    (Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China)

  • Jingyu Yao

    (Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China)

  • Maochao Hu

    (Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China)

  • Yuewen Sun

    (Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
    College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China)

  • Cong Dong

    (Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China)

  • Zhongming Bu

    (Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China)

Abstract

Phthalates are typical chemical pollutants in kindergarten classrooms since numerous artificial products (e.g., polyvinyl chloride (PVC) floorings, soft polymers and plastic toys) that might contain phthalates are widely distributed in kindergarten classrooms. Although Chinese preschool children spend a considerable amount of their waking hours (>8 h/day) in kindergartens, phthalate exposure in such indoor environment has not been given much attention. In this study, the mass fractions of six phthalates in twenty-six artificial products (fifteen flat decoration materials and eleven plastic toys) commonly found in Chinese kindergarten classrooms were measured. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the most predominant compound in all materials. The emission characteristics of the DEHP from these materials were further investigated. The measured emission characteristics were used for predicting multi-phase DEHP concentrations in kindergarten classrooms by applying a mass transfer model. The modeled concentrations were comparable with those measured in the real environment, indicating that these products might be the major sources of DEHP in Chinese kindergarten classrooms. Preschool children’s exposure to DEHP was found to be 0.42 μg/kg/day in kindergartens under baseline conditions, accounting for 18% of the total exposure to DEHP in Chinese indoor environments.

Suggested Citation

  • Jiahui Wang & Zefei Xu & Jingyu Yao & Maochao Hu & Yuewen Sun & Cong Dong & Zhongming Bu, 2022. "Identification of Phthalates from Artificial Products in Chinese Kindergarten Classrooms and the Implications for Preschool Children’s Exposure Assessments," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-12, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:13:p:8011-:d:852268
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Matthias Wormuth & Martin Scheringer & Meret Vollenweider & Konrad Hungerbühler, 2006. "What Are the Sources of Exposure to Eight Frequently Used Phthalic Acid Esters in Europeans?," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 26(3), pages 803-824, June.
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