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Abundance of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence-Associated Genes in Well and Borehole Water Used for Domestic Purposes in a Peri-Urban Community of South Africa

Author

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  • Akebe Luther King Abia

    (Departments of Biotechnology, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Andries Potgieter Blvd, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa)

  • Lisa Schaefer

    (Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa)

  • Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa

    (Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa)

  • Wouter Le Roux

    (Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa)

Abstract

In the absence of pipe-borne water, many people in Africa, especially in rural communities, depend on alternative water sources such as wells, boreholes and rivers for household and personal hygiene. Poor maintenance and nearby pit latrines, however, lead to microbial pollution of these sources. We evaluated the abundance of Escherichia coli and the prevalence of pathogenic E. coli virulence genes in water from wells, boreholes and a river in a South African peri-urban community. Monthly samples were collected between August 2015 and November 2016. In all, 144 water samples were analysed for E. coli using the Colilert 18 system. Virulence genes ( eagg , eaeA , stx1 , stx2 , flichH7 , ST , ipaH , ibeA ) were investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mean E. coli counts ranged between 0 and 443.1 Most Probable Number (MPN)/100 mL of water sample. Overall, 99.3% of samples were positive for at least one virulence gene studied, with flicH7 being the most detected gene (81/140; 57.6%) and the stx2 gene the least detected gene (8/140; 5.7%). Both intestinal and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli genes were detected. The detection of virulence genes in these water sources suggests the presence of potentially pathogenic E. coli strains and is a public health concern.

Suggested Citation

  • Akebe Luther King Abia & Lisa Schaefer & Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa & Wouter Le Roux, 2017. "Abundance of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence-Associated Genes in Well and Borehole Water Used for Domestic Purposes in a Peri-Urban Community of South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-11, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:3:p:320-:d:93588
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sean D. Reid & Corinne J. Herbelin & Alyssa C. Bumbaugh & Robert K. Selander & Thomas S. Whittam, 2000. "Parallel evolution of virulence in pathogenic Escherichia coli," Nature, Nature, vol. 406(6791), pages 64-67, July.
    2. Nolonwabo Nontongana & Timothy Sibanda & Elvis Ngwenya & Anthony I. Okoh, 2014. "Prevalence and Antibiogram Profiling of Escherichia coli Pathotypes Isolated from the Kat River and the Fort Beaufort Abstraction Water," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-15, August.
    3. Lesley-Anne Caine & Uchechukwu U. Nwodo & Anthony I. Okoh & Roland N. Ndip & Ezekiel Green, 2014. "Occurrence of Virulence Genes Associated with Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Raw Cow’s Milk from Two Commercial Dairy Farms in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-14, November.
    4. Lobina Palamuleni & Mercy Akoth, 2015. "Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Selected Borehole Water in Mahikeng, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-12, July.
    5. Afsatou N. Traoré & Khodani Mulaudzi & Gamuchirai J.E. Chari & Stefan H. Foord & Lutendo S. Mudau & Tobias G. Barnard & Natasha Potgieter, 2016. "The Impact of Human Activities on Microbial Quality of Rivers in the Vhembe District, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-13, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Mohora Feida Malebatja & Mpata Mathildah Mokgatle, 2022. "Diarrhoea among Children Aged 5 Years and Microbial Drinking Water Quality Compliance: Trends Analysis Study in South Africa (2008–2018)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-14, December.
    2. Tsolanku Sidney Maliehe & Nelisiwe Mavingo & Tlou Nelson Selepe & Peter Masoko & Frederick Mokibelo Mashao & Neville Nyamutswa, 2024. "Quantitative Assessment of Human Health Risks Associated with Heavy Metal and Bacterial Pollution in Groundwater from Mankweng in Limpopo Province, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(11), pages 1-19, November.
    3. Martina O. Chukwu & Akebe Luther King Abia & Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa & Lawrence Obi & John Barr Dewar, 2019. "Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Campylobacter Species Isolated from Paediatric Stool and Water Samples in the Northwest Province, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-22, June.
    4. Thandi Kapwata & Angela Mathee & Wouter Jacobus Le Roux & Caradee Yael Wright, 2018. "Diarrhoeal Disease in Relation to Possible Household Risk Factors in South African Villages," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-12, August.
    5. Mokaba Shirley Malema & Akebe Luther King Abia & Roman Tandlich & Bonga Zuma & Jean-Marc Mwenge Kahinda & Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa, 2018. "Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogenic Escherichia Coli Isolated from Rooftop Rainwater-Harvesting Tanks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-14, May.

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