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Preharvest Transmission Routes of Fresh Produce Associated Bacterial Pathogens with Outbreak Potentials: A Review

Author

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  • Chidozie Declan Iwu

    (SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa)

  • Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh

    (SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa)

Abstract

Disease outbreaks caused by the ingestion of contaminated vegetables and fruits pose a significant problem to human health. The sources of contamination of these food products at the preharvest level of agricultural production, most importantly, agricultural soil and irrigation water, serve as potential reservoirs of some clinically significant foodborne pathogenic bacteria. These clinically important bacteria include: Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Citrobacter spp., Shigella spp., Enterobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and pathogenic E. coli (and E. coli O157:H7) all of which have the potential to cause disease outbreaks. Most of these pathogens acquire antimicrobial resistance (AR) determinants due to AR selective pressure within the agroecosystem and become resistant against most available treatment options, further aggravating risks to human and environmental health, and food safety. This review critically outlines the following issues with regards to fresh produce; the global burden of fresh produce-related foodborne diseases, contamination between the continuum of farm to table, preharvest transmission routes, AR profiles, and possible interventions to minimize the preharvest contamination of fresh produce. This review reveals that the primary production niches of the agro-ecosystem play a significant role in the transmission of fresh produce associated pathogens as well as their resistant variants, thus detrimental to food safety and public health.

Suggested Citation

  • Chidozie Declan Iwu & Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh, 2019. "Preharvest Transmission Routes of Fresh Produce Associated Bacterial Pathogens with Outbreak Potentials: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-34, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:22:p:4407-:d:285730
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Vincent N. Chigor & Veronica J. Umoh & Stella I. Smith & Etinosa O. Igbinosa & Anthony I. Okoh, 2010. "Multidrug Resistance and Plasmid Patterns of Escherichia coli O157 and Other E. coli Isolated from Diarrhoeal Stools and Surface Waters from Some Selected Sources in Zaria, Nigeria," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 7(10), pages 1-11, October.
    2. Tirza C Hendrik & Anne F Voor in ‘t holt & Margreet C Vos, 2015. "Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella spp.: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(10), pages 1-23, October.
    3. S Naganandhini & Z John Kennedy & M Uyttendaele & D Balachandar, 2015. "Persistence of Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains in Various Tropical Agricultural Soils of India," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(6), pages 1-19, June.
    4. Nolonwabo Nontongana & Timothy Sibanda & Elvis Ngwenya & Anthony I. Okoh, 2014. "Prevalence and Antibiogram Profiling of Escherichia coli Pathotypes Isolated from the Kat River and the Fort Beaufort Abstraction Water," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-15, August.
    5. Ana Allende & James Monaghan, 2015. "Irrigation Water Quality for Leafy Crops: A Perspective of Risks and Potential Solutions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-21, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Liyabona Mpondo & Kingsley Ehi Ebomah & Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh, 2021. "Multidrug-Resistant Listeria Species Shows Abundance in Environmental Waters of a Key District Municipality in South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-12, January.
    2. Windra Prayoga & Masateru Nishiyama & Susan Praise & Dung Viet Pham & Hieu Van Duong & Lieu Khac Pham & Loc Thi Thanh Dang & Toru Watanabe, 2021. "Tracking Fecal Bacterial Dispersion from Municipal Wastewater to Peri-Urban Farms during Monsoon Rains in Hue City, Vietnam," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-18, September.

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