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Combined Effects of Prenatal Exposures to Environmental Chemicals on Birth Weight

Author

Listed:
  • Eva Govarts

    (Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Sylvie Remy

    (Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Liesbeth Bruckers

    (Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium)

  • Elly Den Hond

    (Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium)

  • Isabelle Sioen

    (Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; FWO Research Foundation, 1000 Brussels, Belgium)

  • Vera Nelen

    (Department of Health, Provincial Institute for Hygiene, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium)

  • Willy Baeyens

    (Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AEGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1040 Brussels, Belgium)

  • Tim S Nawrot

    (Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
    Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Leuven University, 3000 Leuven, Belgium)

  • Ilse Loots

    (Department Sociology, Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium)

  • Nick Van Larebeke

    (Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AEGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1040 Brussels, Belgium)

  • Greet Schoeters

    (Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
    Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
    Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark)

Abstract

Prenatal chemical exposure has been frequently associated with reduced fetal growth by single pollutant regression models although inconsistent results have been obtained. Our study estimated the effects of exposure to single pollutants and mixtures on birth weight in 248 mother-child pairs. Arsenic, copper, lead, manganese and thallium were measured in cord blood, cadmium in maternal blood, methylmercury in maternal hair, and five organochlorines, two perfluorinated compounds and diethylhexyl phthalate metabolites in cord plasma. Daily exposure to particulate matter was modeled and averaged over the duration of gestation. In single pollutant models, arsenic was significantly associated with reduced birth weight. The effect estimate increased when including cadmium, and mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) co-exposure. Combining exposures by principal component analysis generated an exposure factor loaded by cadmium and arsenic that was associated with reduced birth weight. MECPP induced gender specific effects. In girls, the effect estimate was doubled with co-exposure of thallium, PFOS, lead, cadmium, manganese, and mercury, while in boys, the mixture of MECPP with cadmium showed the strongest association with birth weight. In conclusion, birth weight was consistently inversely associated with exposure to pollutant mixtures. Chemicals not showing significant associations at single pollutant level contributed to stronger effects when analyzed as mixtures.

Suggested Citation

  • Eva Govarts & Sylvie Remy & Liesbeth Bruckers & Elly Den Hond & Isabelle Sioen & Vera Nelen & Willy Baeyens & Tim S Nawrot & Ilse Loots & Nick Van Larebeke & Greet Schoeters, 2016. "Combined Effects of Prenatal Exposures to Environmental Chemicals on Birth Weight," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-19, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:13:y:2016:i:5:p:495-:d:69976
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Niels Hadrup & Camilla Taxvig & Mikael Pedersen & Christine Nellemann & Ulla Hass & Anne Marie Vinggaard, 2013. "Concentration Addition, Independent Action and Generalized Concentration Addition Models for Mixture Effect Prediction of Sex Hormone Synthesis In Vitro," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(8), pages 1-13, August.
    2. Marijke De Cock & Michiel R. De Boer & Marja Lamoree & Juliette Legler & Margot Van de Bor, 2014. "First Year Growth in Relation to Prenatal Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors — A Dutch Prospective Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-21, July.
    3. White, Halbert, 1980. "A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 48(4), pages 817-838, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Anna Merklinger-Gruchala & Grazyna Jasienska & Maria Kapiszewska, 2017. "Effect of Air Pollution on Menstrual Cycle Length—A Prognostic Factor of Women’s Reproductive Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-17, July.

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