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Comparison of the Cytotoxic Potential of Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Vapour Extract on Cultured Myocardial Cells

Author

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  • Konstantinos E. Farsalinos

    (Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou 356, Kallithea 17674, Greece)

  • Giorgio Romagna

    (ABICH S.r.l, Biological and Chemical Toxicology Research Laboratory, Via 42 Martiri, 213/B-28924 Verbania (VB), Italy)

  • Elena Allifranchini

    (ABICH S.r.l, Biological and Chemical Toxicology Research Laboratory, Via 42 Martiri, 213/B-28924 Verbania (VB), Italy)

  • Emiliano Ripamonti

    (ABICH S.r.l, Biological and Chemical Toxicology Research Laboratory, Via 42 Martiri, 213/B-28924 Verbania (VB), Italy)

  • Elena Bocchietto

    (ABICH S.r.l, Biological and Chemical Toxicology Research Laboratory, Via 42 Martiri, 213/B-28924 Verbania (VB), Italy)

  • Stefano Todeschi

    (ABICH S.r.l, Biological and Chemical Toxicology Research Laboratory, Via 42 Martiri, 213/B-28924 Verbania (VB), Italy)

  • Dimitris Tsiapras

    (Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou 356, Kallithea 17674, Greece)

  • Stamatis Kyrzopoulos

    (Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou 356, Kallithea 17674, Greece)

  • Vassilis Voudris

    (Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou 356, Kallithea 17674, Greece)

Abstract

Background: Electronic cigarettes (ECs) have been marketed as an alternative-to-smoking habit. Besides chemical studies of the content of EC liquids or vapour, little research has been conducted on their in vitro effects. Smoking is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and cigarette smoke (CS) has well-established cytotoxic effects on myocardial cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of the vapour of 20 EC liquid samples and a “base” liquid sample (50% glycerol and 50% propylene glycol, with no nicotine or flavourings) on cultured myocardial cells. Included were 4 samples produced by using cured tobacco leaves in order to extract the tobacco flavour. Methods: Cytotoxicity was tested according to the ISO 10993-5 standard. By activating an EC device at 3.7 volts (6.2 watts—all samples, including the “base” liquid) and at 4.5 volts (9.2 watts—four randomly selected samples), 200 mg of liquid evaporated and was extracted in 20 mL of culture medium. Cigarette smoke (CS) extract from three tobacco cigarettes was produced according to ISO 3308 method (2 s puffs of 35 mL volume, one puff every 60 s). The extracts, undiluted (100%) and in four dilutions (50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%), were applied to myocardial cells (H9c2); percent-viability was measured after 24 h incubation. According to ISO 10993-5, viability of <70% was considered cytotoxic. Results: CS extract was cytotoxic at extract concentrations >6.25% (viability: 76.9 ± 2.0% at 6.25%, 38.2 ± 0.5% at 12.5%, 3.1 ± 0.2% at 25%, 5.2 ± 0.8% at 50%, and 3.9 ± 0.2% at 100% extract concentration). Three EC extracts (produced by tobacco leaves) were cytotoxic at 100% and 50% extract concentrations (viability range: 2.2%–39.1% and 7.4%–66.9% respectively) and one (“Cinnamon-Cookies” flavour) was cytotoxic at 100% concentration only (viability: 64.8 ± 2.5%). Inhibitory concentration 50 was >3 times lower in CS extract compared to the worst-performing EC vapour extract. For EC extracts produced by high-voltage and energy, viability was reduced but no sample was cytotoxic according to ISO 10993-5 definition. Vapour produced by the “base” liquid was not cytotoxic at any extract concentration. Cell survival was not associated with nicotine concentration of EC liquids. Conclusions: This study indicates that some EC samples have cytotoxic properties on cultured cardiomyoblasts, associated with the production process and materials used in flavourings. However, all EC vapour extracts were significantly less cytotoxic compared to CS extract.

Suggested Citation

  • Konstantinos E. Farsalinos & Giorgio Romagna & Elena Allifranchini & Emiliano Ripamonti & Elena Bocchietto & Stefano Todeschi & Dimitris Tsiapras & Stamatis Kyrzopoulos & Vassilis Voudris, 2013. "Comparison of the Cytotoxic Potential of Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Vapour Extract on Cultured Myocardial Cells," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-17, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:10:y:2013:i:10:p:5146-5162:d:29577
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cobb, N.K. & Byron, M.J. & Abrams, D.B. & Shields, P.G., 2010. "Novel nicotine delivery systems and public health: The rise of the "E-Cigarette"," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 100(12), pages 2340-2342.
    2. Konstantinos E. Farsalinos & Giorgio Romagna & Dimitris Tsiapras & Stamatis Kyrzopoulos & Vassilis Voudris, 2013. "Evaluation of Electronic Cigarette Use (Vaping) Topography and Estimation of Liquid Consumption: Implications for Research Protocol Standards Definition and for Public Health Authorities’ Regulation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-15, June.
    3. McDaniel, Patricia A & Solomon, Gina & Malone, Ruth E, 2005. "The Tobacco Industry and Pesticide Regulations: Case Studies from Tobacco Industry Archives," University of California at San Francisco, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education qt0hj236v8, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, UC San Francisco.
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    Cited by:

    1. Konstantinos E. Farsalinos & Giorgio Romagna & Dimitris Tsiapras & Stamatis Kyrzopoulos & Alketa Spyrou & Vassilis Voudris, 2013. "Impact of Flavour Variability on Electronic Cigarette Use Experience: An Internet Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-11, December.
    2. Sébastien Soulet & Charly Pairaud & Hélène Lalo, 2017. "A Novel Vaping Machine Dedicated to Fully Controlling the Generation of E-Cigarette Emissions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-12, October.
    3. Grzegorz Marek Brożek & Mateusz Jankowski & Joshua Allan Lawson & Andrei Shpakou & Michał Poznański & Tadeusz Maria Zielonka & Ludmila Klimatckaia & Yelena Loginovich & Marta Rachel & Justína Gereová , 2019. "The Prevalence of Cigarette and E-cigarette Smoking Among Students in Central and Eastern Europe—Results of the YUPESS Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-14, June.
    4. Stefanie Scheffler & Hauke Dieken & Olaf Krischenowski & Christine Förster & Detlev Branscheid & Michaela Aufderheide, 2015. "Evaluation of E-Cigarette Liquid Vapor and Mainstream Cigarette Smoke after Direct Exposure of Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-11, April.
    5. Rossella Bengalli & Emanuele Ferri & Massimo Labra & Paride Mantecca, 2017. "Lung Toxicity of Condensed Aerosol from E-CIG Liquids: Influence of the Flavor and the In Vitro Model Used," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-14, October.
    6. Konstantinos E. Farsalinos & Giorgio Romagna & Dimitris Tsiapras & Stamatis Kyrzopoulos & Vassilis Voudris, 2014. "Characteristics, Perceived Side Effects and Benefits of Electronic Cigarette Use: A Worldwide Survey of More than 19,000 Consumers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-18, April.
    7. Konstantinos E. Farsalinos & I. Gene Gillman & Matt S. Melvin & Amelia R. Paolantonio & Wendy J. Gardow & Kathy E. Humphries & Sherri E. Brown & Konstantinos Poulas & Vassilis Voudris, 2015. "Nicotine Levels and Presence of Selected Tobacco-Derived Toxins in Tobacco Flavoured Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquids," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-14, March.
    8. Manoj Misra & Robert D. Leverette & Bethany T. Cooper & Melanee B. Bennett & Steven E. Brown, 2014. "Comparative In Vitro Toxicity Profile of Electronic and Tobacco Cigarettes, Smokeless Tobacco and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Products: E-Liquids, Extracts and Collected Aerosols," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-23, October.

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