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Recovery and Recycling of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis

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  • Tendai Tawonezvi

    (South African Institute for Advance Materials Chemistry (SAIAMC), University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
    Department of Chemical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Way, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa)

  • Myalelo Nomnqa

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Way, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa)

  • Leslie Petrik

    (South African Institute for Advance Materials Chemistry (SAIAMC), University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa)

  • Bernard Jan Bladergroen

    (South African Institute for Advance Materials Chemistry (SAIAMC), University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa)

Abstract

The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion Batteries) has drawn a lot of interest in recent years in response to the rising demand for the corresponding high-value metals and materials and the mounting concern emanating from the detrimental environmental effects imposed by the conventional disposal of solid battery waste. Numerous studies have been conducted on the topic of recycling used Li-ion batteries to produce either battery materials or specific chemical, metal or metal-based compounds. Physical pre-treatment is typically used to separate waste materials into various streams, facilitating the effective recovery of components in subsequent processing. In order to further prepare the recovered materials or compounds by applying the principles of materials chemistry and engineering, a metallurgical process is then utilized to extract and isolate pure metals or separate contaminants from a particular waste stream. In this review, the current state of spent Li-ion battery recycling is outlined, reviewed, and analyzed in the context of the entire recycling process, with a particular emphasis on hydrometallurgy; however, electrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy are also comprehensively reviewed. In addition to the comprehensive review of various hydrometallurgical processes, including alkaline leaching, acidic leaching, solvent (liquid-liquid) extraction, and chemical precipitation, a critical analysis of the current obstacles to process optimization during Li-ion battery recycling is also conducted. Moreover, the energy-intensive nature of discussed recycling process routes is also assessed and addressed. This study is anticipated to offer recommendations for enhancing wasted Li-ion battery recycling, and the field can be further explored for commercialization.

Suggested Citation

  • Tendai Tawonezvi & Myalelo Nomnqa & Leslie Petrik & Bernard Jan Bladergroen, 2023. "Recovery and Recycling of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-33, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:3:p:1365-:d:1049089
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gavin Harper & Roberto Sommerville & Emma Kendrick & Laura Driscoll & Peter Slater & Rustam Stolkin & Allan Walton & Paul Christensen & Oliver Heidrich & Simon Lambert & Andrew Abbott & Karl Ryder & L, 2019. "Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles," Nature, Nature, vol. 575(7781), pages 75-86, November.
    2. Ordoñez, J. & Gago, E.J. & Girard, A., 2016. "Processes and technologies for the recycling and recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 195-205.
    3. Guangwen Zhang & Zhongxing Du & Yaqun He & Haifeng Wang & Weining Xie & Tao Zhang, 2019. "A Sustainable Process for the Recovery of Anode and Cathode Materials Derived from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-11, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Krystyna Giza & Beata Pospiech & Jerzy Gęga, 2023. "Future Technologies for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) from Electric Vehicles—Overview of Latest Trends and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-18, August.
    2. Nagaraj Nandihalli & Rajiv K. Chouhan & Rambabu Kuchi & Ihor Z. Hlova, 2024. "Aspects of Spodumene Lithium Extraction Techniques," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-39, September.

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