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End-of-Life Management of Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries in the United States

Author

Listed:
  • Jay N. Meegoda

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA)

  • Sarvagna Malladi

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA)

  • Isabel C. Zayas

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA)

Abstract

Electric vehicles, which are primarily powered by lithium-ion batteries, have gained much attention as the future of transportation for their environmental and economic benefits. However, the current economy of lithium-ion battery management is quite linear. A circular economy with reusing and end-of-life recycling of lithium-ion batteries, would reduce the social and environmental costs associated with the mining of metals, decelerate the depletion of natural resources, and prevent the improper management that often accompanies disposal. This research suggests improvements to the end-of-life management of lithium-ion batteries in the US, considering current and emerging recycling technologies, current collection and transportation infrastructure, current reuse applications, and an analysis of the current regulatory policies in place. Along with providing a comprehensive overview of these topics, this research compiles and provides a set of actionable End-of-Life (EOL) management recommendations for the US on policy, infrastructure, and technology.

Suggested Citation

  • Jay N. Meegoda & Sarvagna Malladi & Isabel C. Zayas, 2022. "End-of-Life Management of Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries in the United States," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 4(4), pages 1-13, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jcltec:v:4:y:2022:i:4:p:71-1174:d:971840
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gavin Harper & Roberto Sommerville & Emma Kendrick & Laura Driscoll & Peter Slater & Rustam Stolkin & Allan Walton & Paul Christensen & Oliver Heidrich & Simon Lambert & Andrew Abbott & Karl Ryder & L, 2019. "Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles," Nature, Nature, vol. 575(7781), pages 75-86, November.
    2. Yash Kotak & Carlos Marchante Fernández & Lluc Canals Casals & Bhavya Satishbhai Kotak & Daniel Koch & Christian Geisbauer & Lluís Trilla & Alberto Gómez-Núñez & Hans-Georg Schweiger, 2021. "End of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Reuse vs. Recycle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-15, April.
    3. Christos S. Ioakimidis & Alberto Murillo-Marrodán & Ali Bagheri & Dimitrios Thomas & Konstantinos N. Genikomsakis, 2019. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Electric Vehicle Battery in Second Life Application Scenarios," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-14, May.
    4. Davide Castelvecchi, 2021. "Electric cars and batteries: how will the world produce enough?," Nature, Nature, vol. 596(7872), pages 336-339, August.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Tushar Gahlaut & Gourav Dwivedi, 2024. "Policy recommendations to enhance circular economy of LIBs in an emerging economy," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 44(2), pages 398-411, June.

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