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From the Perspective of Battery Production: Energy–Environment–Economy (3E) Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries in China

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  • Yixuan Wang

    (Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
    School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
    School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
    Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing 100081, China)

  • Yajuan Yu

    (School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)

  • Kai Huang

    (College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Baojun Tang

    (Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
    School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
    Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing 100081, China
    Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing 100081, China)

Abstract

With the wide use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), battery production has caused many problems, such as energy consumption and pollutant emissions. Although the life-cycle impacts of LIBs have been analyzed worldwide, the production phase has not been separately studied yet, especially in China. Therefore, this research focuses on the impacts of battery production and builds an energy–environment–economy (3E) evaluation system. Two battery factories in China were selected for an applied research. Case 1 annually produces 0.22 GWh lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, while case 2 produces 0.024 GWh lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NCM) batteries. The results demonstrate that electricity consumption per GWh LIBs production is 5.24 × 10 4 and 4.13 × 10 4 kWh for case 1 and 2, respectively. Major water pollutant emissions come from employees’ lives, and domestic waste accounts for 82%–83% of the total waste. Material costs per GWh NCM battery are 2.77 × 10 5 yuan, which is more expensive than the LFP battery, whose cathode material is relatively cheaper. Moreover, the cradle-to-gate carbon footprints (CFs) of the GWh LIBs are 41392.17 and 32254.57 kg CO 2 eq. The lithium compounds are major contributors to carbon emission for two LIBs. Some measures such as cleaner production, scale expansion and increase of environmental protection investment can effectively promote the development of a 3E system for LIB factories.

Suggested Citation

  • Yixuan Wang & Yajuan Yu & Kai Huang & Baojun Tang, 2019. "From the Perspective of Battery Production: Energy–Environment–Economy (3E) Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(24), pages 1-12, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:24:p:6941-:d:294631
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Ren, Zhijun & Li, Huajie & Yan, Wenyi & Lv, Weiguang & Zhang, Guangming & Lv, Longyi & Sun, Li & Sun, Zhi & Gao, Wenfang, 2023. "Comprehensive evaluation on production and recycling of lithium-ion batteries: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).

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