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Release of Sulfur and Chlorine Gas Species during Combustion and Pyrolysis of Walnut Shells in an Entrained Flow Reactor

Author

Listed:
  • Coskun Yildiz

    (Institute for Energy Systems and Technology (EST), Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany)

  • Marcel Richter

    (Institute for Energy Systems and Technology (EST), Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany)

  • Jochen Ströhle

    (Institute for Energy Systems and Technology (EST), Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany)

  • Bernd Epple

    (Institute for Energy Systems and Technology (EST), Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany)

Abstract

The release behavior of sulfur and chlorine compounds into the gas phase of walnut shell particles (WNS) is studied with an entrained flow reactor. Experiments are carried out in nitrogen (N 2 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) atmosphere and under air and oxy-fuel conditions at different temperatures ( T = 1000–1300 °C) and stoichiometries ( λ = 0.8–1.1). A total of 98.7% of fuel-bound sulfur volatilizes as sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), carbonyl sulfide (COS) and hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) in the gas phase in N 2 atmosphere at 1000 °C. As hydrogen chloride (HCl), 37.0% of the chlorine is released at this temperature. In CO 2 atmosphere, a similar total release of sulfur and chlorine is observed (1000 °C). With each temperature increment, the release of SO 2 , H 2 S and HCl in the gas phase decreases (N 2 and CO 2 atmosphere). SO 2 forms the major sulfur component in both atmospheres. In CO 2 atmosphere, higher concentrations of COS were detected than in N 2 atmosphere. Air and oxy-fuel combustion conditions show significantly lower SO 2 , COS and HCl concentrations as in N 2 and CO 2 atmosphere. No H 2 S is detected in the gas phase during any of the combustion trials.

Suggested Citation

  • Coskun Yildiz & Marcel Richter & Jochen Ströhle & Bernd Epple, 2023. "Release of Sulfur and Chlorine Gas Species during Combustion and Pyrolysis of Walnut Shells in an Entrained Flow Reactor," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-18, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:15:p:5684-:d:1205409
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Maximilian von Bohnstein & Coskun Yildiz & Lorenz Frigge & Jochen Ströhle & Bernd Epple, 2020. "Simulation Study of the Formation of Corrosive Gases in Coal Combustion in an Entrained Flow Reactor," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-24, September.
    2. Fredrik Hildor & Henrik Leion & Tobias Mattisson, 2022. "Steel Converter Slag as an Oxygen Carrier—Interaction with Sulfur Dioxide," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-29, August.
    3. Baltazar Solano Rodriguez & Paul Drummond & Paul Ekins, 2017. "Decarbonizing the EU energy system by 2050: an important role for BECCS," Climate Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(0), pages 93-110, June.
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    1. Marcin Bajcar & Miłosz Zardzewiały & Bogdan Saletnik & Grzegorz Zaguła & Czesław Puchalski & Józef Gorzelany, 2023. "Torrefaction as a Way to Remove Chlorine and Improve the Energy Properties of Plant Biomass," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-10, October.

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