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Turpentine as an Additive for Diesel Engines: Experimental Study on Pollutant Emissions and Engine Performance

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  • Robert Mădălin Chivu

    (Department of Thermal Systems and Automotive Engineering, “Dunarea de Jos” University, 800001 Galati, Romania
    Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (MEtRICs), Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Campus Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal)

  • Jorge Martins

    (Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (MEtRICs), Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Campus Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal)

  • Florin Popescu

    (Department of Thermal Systems and Automotive Engineering, “Dunarea de Jos” University, 800001 Galati, Romania)

  • Krisztina Uzuneanu

    (Department of Thermal Systems and Automotive Engineering, “Dunarea de Jos” University, 800001 Galati, Romania)

  • Ion V. Ion

    (Department of Thermal Systems and Automotive Engineering, “Dunarea de Jos” University, 800001 Galati, Romania)

  • Margarida Goncalves

    (Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (MEtRICs), Department of Science and Technology of Biomass, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal)

  • Teodor-Cezar Codău

    (Fibrenamics–Institute for Innovation in Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, Center for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal)

  • Elena Onofrei

    (Faculty of Industrial Design and Bbusiness Management, Technical University “Gheorghe Asachi” of Iasi, 700050 Iași, Romania)

  • Francisco P. Brito

    (Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (MEtRICs), Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Campus Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal)

Abstract

The need for reducing fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in internal combustion engines has raised the opportunity for the use of renewable energy sources. For the progressive replacement of fossil fuels like diesel, those derived from the sustainable management of forest resources may be a good option. In Portugal, pine trees (pinus pinaster) are among the most widely cultivated tree species. Turpentine can be extracted from their sap without harming the tree. Turpentine is known to be a good fuel with a lower viscosity than regular diesel but with a comparable caloric value, boiling point and ignition characteristics, although it is not widely used as a compression ignition fuel. Moreover, recent research has highlighted the possibility of substantially increasing the turpentine yield through biotechnology, bringing it closer to economic viability. The present study investigates the performance, pollutant emissions and fuel consumption of a 1.6 L four-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine operating with several blends of commercial diesel fuel and turpentine obtained from pine trees. The aim of this study was to assess whether it would be possible to maintain or even improve the performance, fuel consumption and GHG and pollutant emissions (HC, NO x , CO and PM) of the engine with the partial incorporation of this biofuel. Turpentine blends of up to 30% in substitution of regular diesel fuel were tested. The main novelties of the present work are related to (i) the careful testing of a still-insufficiently studied fuel that could gain economical attractiveness with the recent developments in yield improvement through biotechnology and (ii) the tests conducted under fixed engine load positions typical of road and highway conditions. The addition of this biofuel only slightly impacted the engine performance parameters. However, a slightly positive effect was observed in terms of torque, with an increase of up to 7.9% at low load for the 15T85D mixture and 6.8% at high load being observed. Power registered an increase of 9% for the 15T85D mixture at low speed and an increase of 5% for the 30T70D mixture at high speed when compared to the reference fuel (commercial diesel fuel). While the efficiency and fossil GHG emissions were improved with the incorporation of turpentine, it had a mixed effect on polluting emissions such as unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and smoke (PM) and a negative effect on nitrogen oxides (NO x ). NO x emissions increased by 30% for high loads and 20% for low loads, mainly as an indirect effect of the improvement in the engine performance and not so much as a consequence of the marginally higher oxygen content of turpentine relative to commercial diesel fuel.

Suggested Citation

  • Robert Mădălin Chivu & Jorge Martins & Florin Popescu & Krisztina Uzuneanu & Ion V. Ion & Margarida Goncalves & Teodor-Cezar Codău & Elena Onofrei & Francisco P. Brito, 2023. "Turpentine as an Additive for Diesel Engines: Experimental Study on Pollutant Emissions and Engine Performance," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-18, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:13:p:5150-:d:1186481
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Anand, B. Prem & Saravanan, C.G. & Srinivasan, C. Ananda, 2010. "Performance and exhaust emission of turpentine oil powered direct injection diesel engine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(6), pages 1179-1184.
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    5. Vallinayagam, R. & Vedharaj, S. & Yang, W.M. & Lee, P.S. & Chua, K.J.E. & Chou, S.K., 2013. "Combustion performance and emission characteristics study of pine oil in a diesel engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 344-351.
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    Cited by:

    1. Genii Kuznetsov & Vadim Dorokhov & Ksenia Vershinina & Susanna Kerimbekova & Daniil Romanov & Ksenia Kartashova, 2023. "Composite Liquid Biofuels for Power Plants and Engines: Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-20, August.
    2. Kyeong-Ju Kong & Sung-Chul Hwang, 2024. "Development and Performance Evaluation Experiment of a Device for Simultaneous Reduction of SO x and PM," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-10, July.
    3. Robert Mădălin Chivu & Jorge Martins & Florin Popescu & Margarida Gonçalves & Krisztina Uzuneanu & Michael Frătița & Francisco P. Brito, 2024. "Assessment of Engine Performance and Emissions with Eucalyptus Oil and Diesel Blends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-17, July.

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