IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v16y2023i10p4019-d1143994.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Safety Assessment of the Ammonia Bunkering Process in the Maritime Sector: A Review

Author

Listed:
  • Phan Anh Duong

    (Department of Marine System Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, 727, Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea)

  • Bo Rim Ryu

    (Department of Marine System Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, 727, Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea)

  • Mi Kyoung Song

    (Department of Safety Research, Korea Maritime Transportation Safety Authority, Sejong 30100, Republic of Korea)

  • Hong Van Nguyen

    (Department of International Relations, Vietnam Maritime University, Hai Phong 180000, Vietnam)

  • Dong Nam

    (Maritime Safety Research Centre, Korea Maritime Transportation Safety Authority, Sejong 30100, Republic of Korea)

  • Hokeun Kang

    (Division of Coast Guard Studies, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, 727, Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

One of the main goals of the shipping industry is to decarbonize the fuels used in maritime transportation. Ammonia is thought to be a potential alternative for hydrogen storage in the future, allowing for CO 2 -free energy systems. Ammonia’s beneficial characteristics with regard to hydrogen storage include its high volumetric hydrogen density, low storage pressure, and long-term stability. However, ammonia is characterized by toxicity, flammability, and corrosiveness, making safety a challenge compared to other alternative fuels. In specific circumstances, leakage from ammonia bunkering can cause risks, dispersion, and unsafe areas due to its flammability and toxicity. Based on an analysis of 118 research papers and 50 regulations and guidelines, this review report evaluates various aspects of the hazards associated with the ammonia bunkering processes, considering both current and future implications. This report also includes the latest advancements and potential developments related to the safety of ammonia as a marine fuel. Several related regulations and standards for ammonia supply systems are discussed. This paper examines experiments and numerical investigations conducted using different methods of ammonia bunkering, such as terminal-to-ship, ship-to-ship, and truck-to-ship transfers. This review shows that the toxicity of ammonia is more relevant to the topics of vapor cloud dispersion and ammonia bunkering than its flammability. Finally, the main challenges and recommendations for the implementation of ammonia bunkering and further development of ammonia as a marine fuel are proposed. This review suggests new directions to overcome the disadvantages and research gaps associated with the leakage of ammonia during bunkering periods.

Suggested Citation

  • Phan Anh Duong & Bo Rim Ryu & Mi Kyoung Song & Hong Van Nguyen & Dong Nam & Hokeun Kang, 2023. "Safety Assessment of the Ammonia Bunkering Process in the Maritime Sector: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-30, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:10:p:4019-:d:1143994
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/10/4019/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/10/4019/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Xia Wu & Changjun Li & Yufa He & Wenlong Jia, 2017. "Dynamic Modeling of the Two-Phase Leakage Process of Natural Gas Liquid Storage Tanks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-26, September.
    2. Thomson, Heather & Corbett, James J. & Winebrake, James J., 2015. "Natural gas as a marine fuel," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 153-167.
    3. Yapicioglu, Arda & Dincer, Ibrahim, 2019. "A review on clean ammonia as a potential fuel for power generators," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 96-108.
    4. Y.-H. Percival Zhang & Jonathan R. Mielenz, 2011. "Renewable Hydrogen Carrier — Carbohydrate: Constructing the Carbon-Neutral Carbohydrate Economy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 4(2), pages 1-22, January.
    5. Michail Cheliotis & Evangelos Boulougouris & Nikoletta L Trivyza & Gerasimos Theotokatos & George Livanos & George Mantalos & Athanasios Stubos & Emmanuel Stamatakis & Alexandros Venetsanos, 2021. "Review on the Safe Use of Ammonia Fuel Cells in the Maritime Industry," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-20, May.
    6. Yu Yong Ung & Park Sung Ho & Jung Dong Ho & Lee Chang Hee, 2020. "Improving Liquefied Natural Gas Bunkering in Korea through the Chinese and Japanese Experiences," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-15, November.
    7. Phan Anh Duong & Borim Ryu & Chongmin Kim & Jinuk Lee & Hokeun Kang, 2022. "Energy and Exergy Analysis of an Ammonia Fuel Cell Integrated System for Marine Vessels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-22, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Phan Anh Duong & Bo Rim Ryu & Jinwon Jung & Hokeun Kang, 2024. "A Comprehensive Review of the Establishment of Safety Zones and Quantitative Risk Analysis during Ship-to-Ship LNG Bunkering," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-30, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bilgili, Levent, 2023. "A systematic review on the acceptance of alternative marine fuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    2. Stančin, H. & Mikulčić, H. & Wang, X. & Duić, N., 2020. "A review on alternative fuels in future energy system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    3. Park, Hyunjun & Lee, Sanghuk & Jeong, Jinyeong & Chang, Daejun, 2018. "Design of the compressor-assisted LNG fuel gas supply system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 1017-1027.
    4. Van Chien Pham & Jae-Hyuk Choi & Beom-Seok Rho & Jun-Soo Kim & Kyunam Park & Sang-Kyun Park & Van Vang Le & Won-Ju Lee, 2021. "A Numerical Study on the Combustion Process and Emission Characteristics of a Natural Gas-Diesel Dual-Fuel Marine Engine at Full Load," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-28, March.
    5. Palakodeti, Advait & Azman, Samet & Rossi, Barbara & Dewil, Raf & Appels, Lise, 2021. "A critical review of ammonia recovery from anaerobic digestate of organic wastes via stripping," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    6. Jorgen Depken & Alexander Dyck & Lukas Roß & Sören Ehlers, 2022. "Safety Considerations of Hydrogen Application in Shipping in Comparison to LNG," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-20, April.
    7. Zhao, Bin, 2017. "Why will dominant alternative transportation fuels be liquid fuels, not electricity or hydrogen?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 712-714.
    8. Rasoulinezhad, Ehsan & Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad & Yoshino, Naoyuki & Sarker, Tapan, 2019. "Russian Federation–East Asia Liquefied Natural Gas Trade Patterns and Regional Energy Security," ADBI Working Papers 965, Asian Development Bank Institute.
    9. Sofia Dahlgren & Jonas Ammenberg, 2021. "Sustainability Assessment of Public Transport, Part II—Applying a Multi-Criteria Assessment Method to Compare Different Bus Technologies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-30, January.
    10. Xing, Hui & Spence, Stephen & Chen, Hua, 2020. "A comprehensive review on countermeasures for CO2 emissions from ships," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    11. Lee, Boreum & Park, Junhyung & Lee, Hyunjun & Byun, Manhee & Yoon, Chang Won & Lim, Hankwon, 2019. "Assessment of the economic potential: COx-free hydrogen production from renewables via ammonia decomposition for small-sized H2 refueling stations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-1.
    12. Wang, Jianxiao & An, Qi & Zhao, Yue & Pan, Guangsheng & Song, Jie & Hu, Qinran & Tan, Chin-Woo, 2023. "Role of electrolytic hydrogen in smart city decarbonization in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    13. Kian-Guan Lim & Michelle Lim, 2020. "Financial performance of shipping firms that increase LNG carriers and the support of eco-innovation," Journal of Shipping and Trade, Springer, vol. 5(1), pages 1-25, December.
    14. Yihsuan Wu & Jian Hua, 2022. "Investigating a Retrofit Thermal Power Plant from a Sustainable Environment Perspective—A Fuel Lifecycle Assessment Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-26, April.
    15. Ilnytskyy Denys & Zinchenko Sergii & Savych Oleksandr & Yanchetskyy Oleksandr, 2018. "Analysis of seaports development strategies: science, technology, education and marketing," Technology audit and production reserves, 3(41) 2018, Socionet;Technology audit and production reserves, vol. 3(4(41)), pages 10-24.
    16. Elmer, Theo & Worall, Mark & Wu, Shenyi & Riffat, Saffa B., 2015. "Fuel cell technology for domestic built environment applications: State of-the-art review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 913-931.
    17. Young-Gyu Lee & Jong-Kwan Kim & Chang-Hee Lee, 2021. "Analytic Hierarchy Process Analysis for Industrial Application of LNG Bunkering: A Comparison of Japan and South Korea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-17, May.
    18. Grusche J. Seithe & Alexandra Bonou & Dimitrios Giannopoulos & Chariklia A. Georgopoulou & Maria Founti, 2020. "Maritime Transport in a Life Cycle Perspective: How Fuels, Vessel Types, and Operational Profiles Influence Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-20, May.
    19. Ahmed, Shoaib & Li, Tie & Yi, Ping & Chen, Run, 2023. "Environmental impact assessment of green ammonia-powered very large tanker ship for decarbonized future shipping operations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    20. Wang, Zhihao & Sharafian, Amir & Mérida, Walter, 2020. "Non-equilibrium thermodynamic model for liquefied natural gas storage tanks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:10:p:4019-:d:1143994. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.